Energy Metabolism and Allocation in Selfish Immune System and Brain: A Beneficial Role of Insulin Resistance in Aging

Almajwal, Ali; Alam, Iftikhar; Zeb, Falak; Fatima, Sadia

doi:10.4236/fns.2019.101006

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…We have also assessed the differences that these features have on the innate immune response triggered by the pathogen by measuring the expression of Toll- and Imd-dependent AMPs, drosomycin and diptericin , respectively. In addition, due to the importance that metabolism has on the M. marinum infection in flies [ 61 ], we have assessed the expression levels after the infection of upd3 and impl2 based on previous studies that described the role that these molecules play in the metabolic regulation of the host during infections [ 25 , 62 ]. While doing this, we reinforced the fact that mycobacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, should be tackled considering all these parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to Mycobacterium marinum in Drosophila melanogaster

Arch,

Vidal,

Fuentes

et al. 2023

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

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Sex and reproductive status of the host have a major impact on the immune response against infection. Our aim was to understand their impact on host tolerance or resistance in the systemic Mycobacterium marinum infection of Drosophila melanogaster. We measured host survival and bacillary load at time of death, as well as expression by RT-qPCR of immune genes (diptericin and drosomycin). We also assessed the impact of metabolic and hormonal regulation in the protection against infection by measuring expression of upd3, impl2 and ecR. Our data showed increased resistance in actively mating flies and in mated females, while reducing their tolerance to infection. Data suggests that Toll and IMD pathways determine tolerance and resistance, respectively, while higher basal levels of ecR favours the stimulation of the IMD pathway. A dual role has been found for upd3 expression, linked to increased/decreased mycobacterial load at the beginning and later in infection, respectively. Finally, impl2 expression has been related to increased resistance in non-actively mating males. These results allow further assessment on the differences between sexes and highlights the role of the reproductive status in D. melanogaster to face infections, demonstrating their importance to determine resistance and tolerance against M. marinum infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to Mycobacterium marinum in Drosophila melanogaster

Arch,

Vidal,

Fuentes

et al. 2023

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

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“…Halalopathy attempts to understand how the immune system can protect the body from infection and disease and how to strengthen the immune system to improve its function and response [13]. Obviously, the immune system is energydependent, and a reduction in energy and resources can lead to a significant decline in immune activity [14,15]. Halalopathy explored the main elements involved in the activation of the immune system and concluded that the balance of entropy and potential energy in the body is essential for effective response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halalopathy: Stimulation of the Immune System Through Enrichment of Potential Energy

Alzeer¹

2022

RGM

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The human mind is highly exposed to different sources of information. According to halalopathy, supportive information enriches potential, while distracting information increases entropy. Potential energy and entropy are inversely proportional. The enrichment of potential energy creates favourable circumstances for prevention and recovery, while the accumulation of entropy accelerates aging and the development of diseases. The availability of potential energy plays a crucial role in how the immune system can exist and behave. Fight mode i.e., high potential energy mode where errors and defects are detected and corrected simultaneously. Fright mode in which potential energy is dispersed and entropy is accelerated, causing the immune system to respond randomly and attack indiscriminately. The flight mode, in which potential energy is suppressed, leads to a slowing down of the immune response, thereby bypassing many defects and mutations. The main objective of halalopathy is to develop methods and strategies to enrich the potential, keep the fight mode active and thus stimulate the immune system for better prevention and recovery.

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“…In D. melanogaster the activation of this pathway leads to the storage of energy in form of triglycerides in the fat body; interestingly, after an immune stimulus immune pathways interact with the IIS pathway in the fat body resulting in loss of energy storage and suppression of host growth [17][18][19]. This fact has been recently described as the "selfish immune system theory", which is based on the fact that activated phagocytes release signalling molecules (selfish immune factors, SIFs) that regulate host energy to steal resources from other non-immune tissues to induce an efficient acute immune response, thus inhibiting insulin signalling during infection [20][21][22][23]. Authors propose the insulin/IGF antagonist Imaginal morphogenesis protein late 2 (Impl2) -which has been identified as a cancer-derived cachectic factor in flies -, and Upd3 as potentials SIFs in Drosophila [24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have also assessed the differences that these features have on the innate immune response triggered by the pathogen by measuring the expression of Toll- and Imd-dependent AMPs, drosomycin and diptericin respectively. In addition, due to the importance that metabolism has on the M. marinum infection in flies [58], we have assessed the expression levels after the infection of upd3 and impl2 based on previous studies that described the role that these molecules play in the metabolic regulation of the host during infections [21,59].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reproductive status of the host determines the tolerance and resistance toMycobacterium marinuminfection inDrosophila melanogaster

Arch¹,

Vidal²,

Fuentes³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Both the sex and the reproductive status of the host have a major impact on the regulation of the immune response against infection. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a powerful model for study such interaction due to its well-characterized hormonal, metabolic and immune traits. In order to further characterize this in mycobacterial infections, we tested the systemic Mycobacterium marinum infection of D. melanogaster. We wanted to understand whether the sex or the reproductive status has an impact on the tolerance or resistance of the host to the infection. We measured gene expression by RT-qPCR of immune genes (diptericin and drosomycin) as well as host survival and bacillary load at time of death. We assessed the impact of metabolic (by expression of upd3 and impl2) and hormonal (by ecR expression) regulation in the protection against infection. Data showed that the effect of reproductive status (virgin and mated kept alone or together) in tolerance and resistance to infection is sex dependent. We found differences in protection according to the levels of expression in immune, metabolic and hormone-related genes which also showed differences between sex and reproductive status, highlighting the expression of impl2 in males and upd3 in females to face the infection. The results obtained allows further interpretation of the results when assessing the differences between sexes in D. melanogaster for other infections, since data demonstrated the importance of the reproductive status in resistance and tolerance against M. marinum infection.

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Energy Metabolism and Allocation in Selfish Immune System and Brain: A Beneficial Role of Insulin Resistance in Aging

Cited by 7 publications

References 87 publications

The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to Mycobacterium marinum in Drosophila melanogaster

The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to Mycobacterium marinum in Drosophila melanogaster

Halalopathy: Stimulation of the Immune System Through Enrichment of Potential Energy

The reproductive status of the host determines the tolerance and resistance toMycobacterium marinuminfection inDrosophila melanogaster

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