Energy-pooling transitions to doubly excited K atoms at a promoted iron-oxide catalyst surface: more than 30 eV available for reaction

Fuelling

2011

J Supercond Nov Magn

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Ultra-dense deuterium D(−1) is expected to be both a superfluid and a superconductor as shown by recent theoretical research. Condensed D(−1) can be deposited on surfaces by a source which produces a stream of clusters. A magnetic field strongly influences the type of material formed. Very little of D(−1) and of the form D(1), which is strongly coupled to D(−1), exists on the magnet surface or within several mm from the magnet surface. Even the formation of D(−1) on the source emitter is strongly influenced by a magnetic field, with a critical field strength in the range 0.03-0.07 T. Higher excitation levels D(2) and D(3) dominate in a magnetic field. The excitation level D(2) is now observed for the first time. The removal of D(−1) and D(1) in strong magnetic fields is proposed to be due to a Meissner effect in long D(−1) clusters by large-orbit electron motion. The lifting of long D(−1) clusters above the magnet surface is slightly larger than expected, possibly due to the coupling to D(1). The previously reported oscillation between D(−1) and D(1) in an electric field is proposed to be due to destruction of D(−1).

Section: Probing On a Foil Above The Magnetmentioning

confidence: 78%

Search for Superconductivity in Ultra-dense Deuterium D(−1) at Room Temperature: Depletion of D(−1) at Field Strength >0.05 T

Andersson

Fuelling

2011

J Supercond Nov Magn

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“…Due to the stimulated emission mechanism, averaging is Note the typical magic numbers for the H N clusters. The temperature of the clusters before CE is down to 2 K. Modified from [12] preferred to obtain good spectra. It should be noted that electric fields easily give large Stark splitting, and that the most convenient, probably highly coherent signal source is a surface where the RM clusters form a layer or cloud.…”

Section: Rotational Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The atom-level description of the catalyst action and of the RM formation at such catalyst surfaces is outside the scope of the present review. Much information already exists in this field [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Studies and Observations of Clusters of Rydberg Matter and Its Extreme Forms

2011

J Clust Sci

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A review is given of experimental studies of clusters of Rydberg matter (RM) with applications. This is a metallic type of matter with angular momentum l C 1 for the conduction band electrons. The atoms in RM can be one-electron atoms like K, H and D which are most used in the laboratory, or two-electron atoms like He. Mixed clusters of one-electron atoms are easily studied. This material is stable in a vacuum both in the laboratory and in interstellar space. The large stability is valid for the lowest excitation level for each atom type, at l = 1 for H(1) which is the lowest energy state for protium. Typical clusters of RM are planar with magic numbers 7, 19, 37, 61 and 91. Small planar cluster can form stacks of clusters. Close-packed clusters exist for H(1) with magic numbers 4, 6, and 12, and chain clusters mainly formed by D-D ''beads'' are common for D(1). Several methods to study RM clusters are reviewed. Stimulated spectroscopy methods like stimulated emission and stimulated Raman are emphasized. Cluster properties like large polarizability and giant magnetic dipoles are described. Results on rotational levels, vibrational levels and electronic levels are reviewed. The observational evidence for RM clusters in space is discussed in relation to the fundamental experimental studies of the specific cluster properties.

“…Without such destruction, the emitter is stable and can be operated in the experiments for many months, while the content of K atoms is slowly lost, finally giving an exhausted non-working catalyst composed of dense iron and iron oxide. Descriptions of its operation and general catalytic properties were recently published [1,35]. The emitter can be moved perpendicularly to the laser beam in an UHV chamber with base pressure of 2 9 10 -8 mbar.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deuterium Clusters D N and Mixed K–D and D–H Clusters of Rydberg Matter: High Temperatures and Strong Coupling to Ultra-Dense Deuterium

2011

J Clust Sci

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Ultra-dense deuterium D(-1) can be formed by a catalytic process from Rydberg Matter (RM) of deuterium as reported previously. Laser-induced inertial confinement fusion (ICF) has recently been observed in this material. The formation of D(-1) is now studied through experiments observing the deuterium RM clusters D N in excitation levels n B = 1, 3 and 4. These levels are intermediate in the formation process of D(-1). Laser-induced fragmentation is used, with neutral timeof-flight (TOF) and TOF-MS measurements of the kinetic energy release (KER) from the quantized Coulomb explosions (CE). Several types of pure D N clusters, mixed clusters containing both D and H atoms, and clusters containing both D and K atoms are identified. The large planar RM clusters which are common for H and K are less common for D. The neutral D N clusters are small and have high kinetic temperature, typically at 100 K instead of 10 K for K N and H N . Large D N ? clusters are only observed when an electric field is applied, probably stabilized by increased cooling. A strong coupling of the D(1) laser fragmentation signal to the ultra-dense D(-1) signal is observed, and the materials D(1) and D(-1) are two rapidly interchangeable forms of quantum fluids.