Energy Requirements of Adult Moose for Winter Maintenance

Schwartz, Charles C.; Hubbert, M. E.; Franzmann, Albert W.

doi:10.2307/3801052

Cited by 58 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…During leaf-fall in the autumn, moose adjust their rumen physiology, metabolism, and food intake rates to adapt to a relatively nutrient poor and ligninrich winter diet of twigs and conifer needles (Hofmann 1989;Regelin et al 1985;Schwartz et al 1988). With respect to their nutritional ecology, recent experimental evidence (Felton et al 2016c) indicates that moose engage in nutritional balancing.…”

Section: Background To the Moose And Nutritional Balancingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to concerns regarding their dental health (Malmsten et al 2015), a large intake of such foods by a ruminant during winter is inconsistent with their rumen flora and metabolism, which is adapted to woody, lignin-rich foods (Schwartz et al 1988). Resultant problems are likely to arise if complementary food items, such as young broadleaf tree species or Scots pine in the case of the moose, are not available or consumed in sufficient amounts to ameliorate a dietary imbalance (as indicated by experiments with other species of ruminants, Keunen et al 2002;Timmons et al 2010).…”

Section: Implications For Ungulate Health and Competitive Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions between ungulates, forests, and supplementary feeding: the role of nutritional balancing in determining outcomes

et al. 2016

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People provide wild ungulates with large quantities of supplementary feed to improve their health and survival and reduce forest damage. Whereas supplementary feeding can positively affect the winter survival of ungulates and short-term hunting success, some of the feeds provided may actually reduce ungulate health and increase forest damage. Here, we highlight how recent advances in ungulate nutritional ecology can help explain why supplementary feeding can lead to undesirable outcomes. Using Europe's largest cervid, the moose (Alces alces), as a model species, and Sweden, as the socio-ecological context, we explain the concept of nutritional balancing and its relevance to supplementary feeding. Nutritional balancing refers to how animals alter their food intake to achieve a specific nutritional target balance in their diet, by selecting balanced food items or by combining items with nutritional compositions that are complimentary. As the most common supplementary feeds used contain higher concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates than the ungulates' normal winter diet, the consumption of such feeds may cause animals to increase their intake of woody browse, and thereby exacerbate forest damage. We also explain how animal health may be negatively affected by large intakes of such feed if complementary browse items are not available. We therefore suggest that the use of inappropriate feed is an additional means by which supplementary feeding may result in negative outcomes for hunters, forest owners, and wild animals.

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Section: Background To the Moose And Nutritional Balancingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Ungulate Health and Competitive Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between ungulates, forests, and supplementary feeding: the role of nutritional balancing in determining outcomes

et al. 2016

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“…Because green, leafy forages are an important component o f many imgulate diets (Blair et al 1980;Hanley 1982;Schwartz et al 1988a;Danell et al 1994), changes in the patterns o f leaf senescence following brushing may have important consequences for moose. The production and retention o f greener, younger secondary leaves on the shoots o f recently-brushed plants could be important for moose during the fall when tannins and lignin begin to concentrate in bark and senescing leaves (Palo 1984;Herms and Mattson 1992) and nutritious foods are generally reduced (Blair et al 1980).…”

Section: E a F Senescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the availability o f green leaves in the fall landscape are considered important to moose and other herbivores (Chapin 1980;Schwartz et al 1988a), delays in fall leaf senescence in the years following brushing act to increase the nutritional value o f willows for moose.…”

Section: Implications Fo R Moosementioning

confidence: 99%

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Response of Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana) to mechanical brushing: Implications to the quality of winter browse for moose (Alces alces).

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Effects of inbreeding on fitness‐related traits in a small isolated moose population

Haanes

Markussen

Herfindal

et al. 2013

Ecology and Evolution

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Inbreeding can affect fitness-related traits at different life history stages and may interact with environmental variation to induce even larger effects. We used genetic parentage assignment based on 22 microsatellite loci to determine a 25 year long pedigree for a newly established island population of moose with 20–40 reproducing individuals annually. We used the pedigree to calculate individual inbreeding coefficients and examined for effects of individual inbreeding (f) and heterozygosity on fitness-related traits. We found negative effects of f on birth date, calf body mass and twinning rate. The relationship between f and calf body mass and twinning rate were found to be separate but weaker after accounting for birth date. We found no support for an inbreeding effect on the age-specific lifetime reproductive success of females. The influence of f on birth date was related to climatic conditions during the spring prior to birth, indicating that calves with a low f were born earlier after a cold spring than calves with high f. In years with a warm spring, calf f did not affect birth date. The results suggest that severe inbreeding in moose has both indirect effects on fitness through delayed birth and lower juvenile body mass, as well as separate direct effects, as there still was a significant relationship between f and twinning rate after accounting for birth date and body mass as calf. Consequently, severe inbreeding as found in the study population may have consequences for population growth and extinction risk.

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Energy Requirements of Adult Moose for Winter Maintenance

Cited by 58 publications

References 12 publications

Interactions between ungulates, forests, and supplementary feeding: the role of nutritional balancing in determining outcomes

Interactions between ungulates, forests, and supplementary feeding: the role of nutritional balancing in determining outcomes

Response of Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana) to mechanical brushing: Implications to the quality of winter browse for moose (Alces alces).

Effects of inbreeding on fitness‐related traits in a small isolated moose population

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