Energy requirements of error correction codes in diffusion-based molecular communication systems

Abstract

Permanent WRAP URL:http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/81742 Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. AbstractMolecular Communications is a promising area with significant potential applications. To enhance the reliability of the transmission process, self-orthogonal convolutional codes (SOCCs) are proposed and investigated with respect to both bit error rate (BER) and energy efficiency. The codes are compared to both an un-coded system and one that employs Hamming codes to show that they can provide a benefit for molecular communication systems. The influence of the channel memory is also analysed in this paper. In addition, taking into account the extra energy required to implement the coding, the critical distance is investigated as another performance metric for nano-to-nano device communication, nano-to-macro device communication and macro-to-nano device communication. Considering the transmission distance and the operating BER of the designed system, the designer can determine whether the use of coding is beneficial or which code better suits the system.

Index Modulation for Molecular Communication via Diffusion Systems

“…Hence, the channel memory is infinite, stating the need to have infinitely many h[n]'s to perfectly model the channel. However, for all practical purposes, the channel can be modeled with an FIR model, by considering only the first L memory elements [22]. For an accurate representation of the channel, this paper considers channel memory L = 30.…”

Transmitter and Receiver Architectures for Molecular Communications: A Survey on Physical Design With Modulation, Coding, and Detection Techniques

“…In a tradeoff of having larger codeword lengths against generating codewords with lower average weights by using more 0bits, the authors trade between the rate and the energy efficiency of communication. In subsequent works [221], [222], again, over the same channel except with an absorbing receiver in [222], self-orthogonal convolutional codes (SOCCs) are proposed, and their performances against Hamming MECs and uncoded transmissions are investigated with respect to both BER and energy efficiency. Both works conclude that in nanoscale, MC SOCCs have higher coding gains, i.e., they are more energy efficient, compared to the uncoded transmission and to the Hamming MECs for the low BER (10 −5 -10 −9 ) region.…”

“…Moreover, SOCCs are also reported to have shorter critical distances than the Hamming MECs, where the critical distance is defined as the distance, at which extra energy requirements of employing coding are compensated by the coding gain. Lu et al [222] additionally explore the energy budget of nano-to-macro and macro-to-nanomachine MCs and arrive at the conclusion that in MC involving macromachines, the critical distance of the codes decreases. Yet, in another work [223], the Hamming codes are evaluated against cyclic 2-D Euclidean geometry low-density parity-check (EG-LDPC) and cyclic Reed-Muller codes by considering the same channel model, as in [222].…”

“…Lu et al [222] additionally explore the energy budget of nano-to-macro and macro-to-nanomachine MCs and arrive at the conclusion that in MC involving macromachines, the critical distance of the codes decreases. Yet, in another work [223], the Hamming codes are evaluated against cyclic 2-D Euclidean geometry low-density parity-check (EG-LDPC) and cyclic Reed-Muller codes by considering the same channel model, as in [222]. Again, the comparison of codes is carried out for different MC scenarios involving nanomachines and macromachines, and it reveals, in the case of nano-to-nanomachine MC, that in the BER region 10 −3 -10 −6 , the Hamming codes with m = 4 are superior, and at lower BER regions, LDPC codes with s = 2 exhibit the lowest energy cost.…”

Simulation Study and Analysis of Diffusive Molecular Communications With an Apertured Plane

“…Here, L denotes the ISI window (channel memory) of the MCvD system at hand. Even though the heavy right tail of (1) causes the actual channel memory to be infinite, a finite but large L is chosen for practical purposes [19]. Mathematically, the k th channel coefficient of an MCvD system with symbol duration t s can be expressed as…”