Energy Security and Sustainability in Eurasian Economic Union in the Terms of Economic Growth: The Case of Kazakhstan’s Energy Sector Up to 2040 Perspectives

Abstract

The economy of Kazakhstan is the first economy in Central Asia and the second among Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries after Russia. On rates of hydrocarbon raw materials extraction Kazakhstan is included into first ten countries of the world. Kazakhstani economy is based on heavy industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and oil and gas. And it allows Kazakhstan is being on the road of economic growth. With economic growth, the energy production and consumption are also increasing rapidly, resulting first of all, on harmful carbon emissions. Thus, the purpose of this research is to carry out a comparative assessment in the energy sector development and to submit forecast of its demand and its environmental impact in terms of Kazakhstani economic growth up to 2040. First scenario (base case) assumes conventional development pattern together with neither significant changes in the patterns of energy supply and demand nor extensively changed policies and measures. The second one (Mitigation) assumes a technological improvement, regulation and industrial development policies and additional policies which have been designed to promote energy efficiency and reduce emissions across the economy. The simulations are applied until the year 2040, while 2015 is set as the base year. The findings suggest in both scenarios Kazakhstan will continue to pursue its economic development driving energy demand and carbon emissions will also raise. However, under Mitigation Scenario, emission intensity will be lower insignificantly.

The Green Space and Social Impact in Almaty City: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis

“…Although the R2 value was relatively low, it is of minor importance here as no predictions are being made. Another reason to interpret the results of this analysis with caution is that they contradict the results of numerous large studies that have shown that variables such as family income have significant and substantial impacts on attainment (Moore et al, 2013). Although, arguably, a more rigorous approach to answering this question may have been to group wards that are similar in all respects apart from their proportion of green space and then to perform a t-test, this technique was rejected due to the difficulty in grouping wards, which would have required subjective decisions to be made.…”

“…Despite the lack of previous literature directly related to the link between access to green space and academic attainment, this study does have some strengths. Firstly, the publicly accessible data allowed for many variables that are known to impact on attainment, such as wealth and ethnic background (Moore et al, 2013), to be accounted for. This is really important, as it allowed the effects of access to green space to be isolated as much as possible and thus gives a much more realistic picture of the impact of access to green space.…”

“…A focus on ecosystem services could lead to a better understanding of the connections between humans and the environment. Therefore, ecosystem services must be explicitly integrated in decisionmaking (Daily et al, 2009;Movkebayeva et al, 2020). Ecosystem services could be used as criteria in green space planning, both to evaluate and to provide goals for management and planning.…”

Towards a Low-Carbon Economic Sustainable Development: Scenarios and Policies for Kazakhstan

“…The purpose of this paper is to conduct analysis current and future dependence of agriculture, industry, oil and gas sector on water supply in Kazakhstan under varying socioeconomic and climate change scenarios. The paper contributes to an understanding of the system and its possible development (Movkebayeva et al, 2020;Saiymova et al, 2020). Furthermore, the paper could assist Kazakhstani resource managers and policymakers in designing more effective eco-environment management plans and strategies in the face of climate change.…”

“…The GDP growth slowed from 4.1% in 2014 to 1.2% in 2015. Industry including oil and gas sector is main sector of Kazakhstani economy, accounting 44% of GDP, while the agriculture sector accounted for 5% (World Bank, 2018;Movkebayeva et al, 2019).…”