“…Country case studies have produced mixed evidence, however. Some show that improved labour law enforcement increases compliance with labour market regulations, although the effects are usually minor (Ronconi, 2010;Almeida and Carneiro, 2012;Almeida, Carneiro and Narita, 2013), 2 whereas, according to others, it does not generate any effect (Bhorat, Kanbur and Mayet, 2012); it increases compliance among men and reduces compliance among women (Viollaz, 2016); it reduces firm size and maybe productivity (Almeida and Carneiro, 2009); it decreases job creation and increases job destruction (Almeida and Poole, 2013); it reduces the provision of non-mandated benefits (Almeida, Carneiro and Narita, 2013); or it generates wage adjustments -mainly reductions of formal wages at the top of the wage distribution and increases in informal wages (Almeida and Carneiro, 2012;Almeida, Carneiro and Narita, 2013). Furthermore, regarding the effect of varying degrees of enforcement on the level of compliance, the channels analysed by the aforementioned literature have included the direct effect of labour inspections (mainly the impact by inspections as a deterrent) and the displacement of workers to the informal sector of the economy.…”