“…Passive participation is a form of classroom behavior that involves minimal or no verbal interaction with the teacher or peers, such as listening, observing, or following instructions (Garcia Carrion et al, 2020). It can be influenced by various factors, such as students' motivation, interest, confidence, anxiety, cultural background, learning style, and prior knowledge (Hofmann, Vrikki, Evagorou, 2021). Dialogic engagement is a form of classroom interaction that involves meaningful and collaborative dialogue among teachers and students, where multiple voices and perspectives are valued and respected (Alexander, 2019).…”