Engendering the fertility-migration nexus: The role of women's migratory patterns in the analysis of fertility after migration

Declined Total Fertility Rate Among Immigrants and the Role of Newly Arrived Women in Norway

“…Reason for immigration is recorded at immigrants’ first arrival in Norway (unless they are Nordic citizens). Research from other countries has shown that fertility tends to differ by reason for migration, and women who migrate for family reasons often have relatively high fertility (Castro Martín and Rosero-Bixby 2011 ; Mussino and Strozza 2012 ; Ortensi 2015 ). As further documented in “Appendix 2 ”, family migrants are found to be essential for understanding the TFR decrease among all immigrants in Norway, in two ways: Their proportion among all newly arrived immigrant women has decreased for many of the origin groups, and their fertility has declined in all origin groups.…”

“… 1 Examples include Haug et al ( 2002 ) and Sobotka ( 2008 ) for European overviews; Abbasi-Shavazi and McDonald ( 2000 ) and Carmichael et al ( 2003 ) for Australia; Zeman et al ( 2015 ) for Austria; Sobotka ( 2011 ) for Austria, Germany and Switzerland; Bélanger et al ( 2002 ), Woldemicael and Beaujot ( 2012 ) and Adserà and Ferrer ( 2010 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 ) for Canada; Puur et al ( 2017 ) for Russians in Estonia, Toulemon ( 2004 ) and Héran et al ( 2007 ) for France; Adserà et al ( 2012 ) for Canada, UK and France; Mayer and Riphahn ( 2000 ), Milewski ( 2007 , 2010 ), Schmid and Kohls ( 2010 ), Stichnoth et al ( 2013 ), Cygan-Rehm ( 2014 ) and Wolf ( 2016 ) for Germany; Mussino and Strozza ( 2012 ), Mussino et al ( 2015 ), Ortensi ( 2015 ) and Giannantoni and Strozza ( 2015 ) for Italy; Goldstein et al ( 2009 ) for Greece, Italy and Spain; Garssen and Nicolaas ( 2008 ) and Fokkema et al ( 2008 ) for the Netherlands; Castro Martín and Rosero-Bixby ( 2011 ), del Rey and Grande ( 2015 ), Kraus and Castro-Martín ( 2017 ) and González-Ferrer et al ( 2017 ) for Spain; Andersson ( 2004 ), Persson et al ( 2010 ), Persson ( 2013 ) and Persson and Hoem ( 2014 ) for Sweden; Tromans et al ( 2009 ), Coleman and Dubuc ( 2010 ), Dubuc ( 2012 ), Waller et al ( 2012 ), Dormon ( 2014 ), Wilson ( 2015 ), Kulu and Hannemann ( 2016 ), Robards and Berrington ( 2016 ) and Wilson and Kuha ( 2017 ) for UK; Blau and Francine ( 1992 ), Kahn ( 1994 ), Carter ( …”

Motherhood of foreign women in Lombardy

“…9 Having a child and migrating are considered major events in life and the information is collected yearly: thus we do not expect any memory problems to have affected the data. Given the retrospective nature of the data, we should take into account the possibility of bias due to re-emigration (Ortensi 2015). However, Barbiano di Belgiojoso and Ortensi (2013) recently showed the low risk of re-emigration intentions of female migrant workers living in Italy.…”

“…It is generally known that Italian fertility is one of the lowest in the world (Delgado Perez and Livi Bacci 1992; Kohler, Billari, and Ortega 2002;Billari 2008) and that much of the slight increase recorded during the past few years is attributed to the presence of foreign women (Sobotka 2008;Ferrara et al 2009;Istat 2010). Several studies in Italy have focused on foreigners" impact on the period total fertility rate (TFR) (Strozza, Ferrara, and Labadia 2007), and a few studies have analyzed the determinants and influence of migration on the propensity to have children in Italy (Mussino et al 2012;Ortensi 2015). However, the international literature reveals a strong impact of the high risk of childbearing shortly after migration on period fertility (Alders 2000;Parrado 2011), thus establishing a link between reproductive behaviors and migratory transitions (Andersson 2004;Milewski 2007).…”

Visualising Immigrant Fertility -- Profiles of Childbearing and their Implications for Migration Research

“…Survey or census data on children ever born (Bach 1981;Blau 1991;Fogli 2006, 2009;Ford 1990;Goldstein and Goldstein 1983;Hwang and Saenz 1997;Kahn 1988Kahn , 1994Lopez and Sabagh 1978;Ritchey 1975;Sly 1970) Linear regression Own-child method b (Bean and Swicegood 1982;Ford 1990) Count models Survey or census data on children ever born (Adserà and Ferrer 2014;Chattopadhyay et al 2006;Choi 2014;Frank and Heuveline 2005;Lindstrom and Giorguli Saucedo 2002;Mayer and Riphahn 2000;Ortensi 2015) Completed fertility Survey or census data on children ever born (Friedlander and Goldscheider 1978;Mayer and Riphahn 2000;Parrado and Morgan 2008;Rosenwaike 1973;Young 1991) Cumulative cohort fertility Census or administrative data on birth histories (Alders 2000;Bagavos et al 2007;Fokkema et al 2008;Friedlander and Goldscheider 1978;Garssen and Nicolaas 2008) Some of these examples use multiple measures, including those from different categories a TFR (total fertility rate), ASFR (age-specific fertility rate)-see text for definitions b The own-child method uses data on the number of children resident in a mother's household in order to estimate the mother's childbearing c Parity refers to whether a child is the first-born, second-born etc Fig. 6 Fertility profiles of immigrants who arrived in Sweden as young adults as compared with those arriving as infants (for those born in 1976).…”