Saponins are plant glycosides with different structures
and biological
activities, such as anticancer effects.
Ziziphus spina-christi
is a plant rich in saponin, and this compound is used to treat malignant
melanoma in the present study. Nanophytosomes can be used as an advantageous
nanodrug delivery system for plant extracts. The aim of this work
is to use the saponin-rich fraction (SRF) from
Z. spina-christi
and prepare SRF-loaded nanophytosomes (saponinosomes) and observe
the in vitro and in vivo effects of these carriers. First, the SRF
was obtained from
Z. spina-christi
by
a solvent–solvent fractionation method. Then, Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) analyses were performed to confirm the presence of
saponins in the extracted material. Subsequently, the saponinosomes
were prepared by the solvent injection method (ether injection method)
using a 1:1:1 ratio of lecithin/cholesterol/SRF in the mixture. Characterization
of the prepared saponinosomes was performed by FTIR, dynamic light
scattering (DLS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM),
and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. In addition, a UV–vis
spectrophotometer was used to determine the entrapment efficiency
(EE) and in vitro release of the SRF. Finally, cell cytotoxicity of
the different formulations was evaluated using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl
tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on both mouse melanoma cells (B16F10)
and fibroblasts (L929). Using DLS, AFM, and FE-SEM analyses, the particle
size was determined to be 58 ± 6 nm with a zeta potential of
−32 ± 2 mV. The calculated EE was 85 ± 3%. The results
of the in vitro release profile showed that 68.2% of the SRF was released
from the saponinosome after 48 h. The results of the MTT assay showed
that the SRF and saponinosomes have high toxicity on B16F10 melanoma
cells, but saponinosomes showed a significant decrease in cytotoxicity
on L929 fibroblast cells compared with that of the SRF. Our results
indicate that the SRF from
Z. spina-christi
has anticancer activity, and the saponinosomes prepared in this
work can control tumor growth, improve therapeutic efficacy, and reduce
the side effects of saponins.