“…In such cases, nMgO have been applied as a microbicide for diversified disease treatments, such as for bacterial wilt (R. solanacearum) (Imada et al, 2016) and Fusarium wilt (F. oxysporum) (Parizi et al, 2014). In addition, it has been reported that other metallic nanoparticles, such as copper-based nanoparticles, ZnO, and AgNPs, displayed their effectiveness in controlling bacterial and fungal diseases in vivo in both pot experiments and field tests, which involved tomato late blight disease (Phytophthora infestans) (Giannousi et al, 2013), gray mold (B. cinerea) (Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al, 2016;Hao et al, 2017), leaf spot disease (Xanthomonas perforans) (Ocsoy et al, 2013), spot blotch disease (Bipolaris sorokiniana) (Mishra and Singh, 2015), powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) (Hao et al, 2019), tomato Fusarium wilt (F. oxysporum) and Verticillium wilt (V. dahliae) (Elmer and White, 2016), and Fusarium head blight (F. graminearum) (Chen et al, 2016b). TiO 2 has also drawn on its strengths of photocatalytic disinfection to become a novel approach for the control and inactivation of phytopathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium head blight and tomato gray mold (Paret et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2013;Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al, 2016).…”