One key event in inflammatory signaling is the activation of the initiator caspase, procaspase-1. Presented here is the crystal structure of the procaspase-1 zymogen without its caspase recruitment domain solved to 2.05 Å . Although the isolated domain is monomeric in solution, the protein appeared dimeric in crystals. The loop arrangements in the dimer provide insight into the first autoproteolytic events that occur during activation by oligomerization. Additionally, in contrast to other caspases, we demonstrate that autoproteolysis at the second cleavage site, Asp 316 , is necessary for conversion to a stable dimer in solution. Critical elements of secondary structure are revealed in the crystal structure that explain why a dimeric protein is favored after proteolysis at this aspartic acid. Dimer stabilization is concurrent with a 130-fold increase in k cat , the sole contributing kinetic factor to an activated and efficient mediator of inflammation.Caspases are a family of aspartic acid-specific cysteine proteases that are involved in inflammation and apoptosis. This enzyme family is generally categorized into three groups as follows: inflammatory initiators (caspases-1, -4, and -5), apoptotic initiators (caspases-2, -8, -9, and -10), and apoptotic effectors (caspases-3, -6, and -7). Because of its role as the protease responsible for processing prointerleukin-1 (pro-IL 2 -1) to an active 17-kDa form, caspase-1 is a major driver of inflammation and innate immunity (1-3). The enzyme also participates in the activation of prointerleukin-18 and prointerleukin-33 (4, 5). Caspase-1 activation and the subsequent release of IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33 are one of the first lines of defense against invading microbes and viruses. Excessive caspase-1 activity, however, can lead to pathologies associated with several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as septic shock, inflammatory bowel disease, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout (6 -8).Caspase-1 knock-out mice have strongly supported this assertion, demonstrating an absence of processed IL-1 and IL-18 and subsequent decreases in production of cytokines IL-1␣, IL-6, interferon-␥, and tumor necrosis factor-␣ when challenged with lipopolysaccharide or Listeria monocytogenes (6, 9, 10). More recent studies have established the involvement of caspase-1 in neurodegenerative disorders such as trauma and ischemic brain injury, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (7).Pathways leading to the activation of the enzyme are triggered by diverse pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, DNA, RNA, uric acid crystals, bacterial toxins, and UVB damage (11). These patterns are often recognized by Toll-like receptors on the cell surface or by nod-like receptors inside the cell. After pattern recognition, intracellular events result in the conversion of the inactive procaspase-1 zymogen to a fully processed, active enzyme.Procaspase-1 conversion is induced by macromole...