Engineering and Design of Programmable Genome Editors

Abstract

Programmable genome editors are enzymes that can be targeted to a specific location in the genome for making site-specific alterations or deletions. The engineering, design, and development of sequence-specific editors has resulted in a dramatic increase in the precision of editing for nucleotide sequences. These editors can target specific locations in a genome, in vivo. The genome editors are being deployed for the development of genetically modified organisms for agriculture and industry, and for gene therapy of inherited human genetic disorders, cancer, and immunotherapy. Experimental and computational studies of structure, binding, activity, dynamics, and folding, reviewed here, have provided valuable insights that have the potential for increasing the functional efficiency of these gene/genome editors. Biochemical and biophysical studies of the specificities of natural and engineered genome editors reveal that increased binding affinity can be detrimental because of the increase of off-target effects and that the engineering and design of genome editors with higher specificity may require modulation and control of the conformational dynamics.

Spinel‐Structured High‐Entropy Oxide Nanofibers as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Solution: Effect of Metal Combination and Calcination Temperature

“…This reflects the lower crystallinity degree of the oxide, the larger density of lattice defects and the smaller size of the crystallites/nanograins formed at lower T C . [ 41,43 ] The fit of the spectra to Gaussian bands (Figure S8, Supporting Information) reveals that, besides the normal phonon modes, inversion‐induced modes [ 44,56,64,65 ] also contribute to the Raman intensity in all samples, in full agreement with both previous studies [ 28 ] and other reports on HESO nanoparticles. [ 65 ]…”

Charge Storage Mechanism in Electrospun Spinel‐Structured High‐Entropy (Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)3O4 Oxide Nanofibers as Anode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries

“…[ 36,47 ] The additional contributions to the Raman intensity located at 445 and 670 cm −1 are ascribed to the inversion‐induced E g ′ and A 1g ′ modes, respectively. [ 30,33,61,68 ] The detection of Raman‐bands originating from inversion has been previously reported for both HEO NFs [ 36,47 ] and NPs [ 33,47 ] based on different combinations of metals.…”

“…[ 29 ] Among them, (Cr 0.2 Mn 0.2 Fe 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 ) 3 O 4 , first synthesized in 2018 via a solid‐state method, [ 30 ] has received great attention. [ 31–38 ] A charge/discharge capacity of 1235 mAh g −1 (at 20 mA g −1 ), the highest among all known HEOs, has been reported for (Cr 0.2 Mn 0.2 Fe 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 ) 3 O 4 nanoparticles synthesized via a surfactant‐assisted hydrothermal method [ 35 ] (Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni) HEO prepared by the oxidation of high‐entropy CrMnFeCoNi alloy powders delivers a reversible capacity of 597 mAh g −1 and shows a capacity retention of 86% after 1200 cycles at 2 A g −1 . [ 39 ] The stability of (Cr 0.2 Mn 0.2 Fe 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 ) 3 O 4 synthesized by solid state reaction (402 mAh g −1 capacity after 300 cycles at 0.5 A g −1 ) has been attributed to the amorphization process occurred during the initial discharging.…”

Architecting the High‐Entropy Oxides on 2D MXene Nanosheets by Rapid Microwave‐Heating Strategy with Robust Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution Performance

“…Similarly, Talluri et al. [ 28 ] developed a spinel‐like (CoCrFeMnNi) 3 O 4 HEO through high‐temperature calcination and observed superior OER activity. Fereja et al.…”