“…4 A) [ 142 ]. Another study on a rat articular osteochondral defect model also demonstrated the stronger ability of 3D-Exos to promote osteochondral repair, and the most complete osteochondral repair was achieved when 3D-Exos were used in combination with 3D-printed scaffolds [ 164 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Current Applications Of Evs Derived From 3d Cultured Scsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For UCMSC-Exos, the best osteochondral repair results were obtained when 3D-Exos was combined with 3D-printed scaffolds (Fig. 6 B) [ 164 ]. Just like 2D-EVs, we can further engineer 3D-EVs to enhance the effects of 3D-EVs by loading them with specific substances or stimulating the growth of SCs from which they are derived in vitro.…”
Section: Current Applications Of Evs Derived From 3d Cultured Scsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…ICRS score of the cartilage defect. Reproduced with permission from reference [ 164 ]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier …”
Section: Current Applications Of Evs Derived From 3d Cultured Scsmentioning
Stem cells (SCs) have been used therapeutically for decades, yet their applications are limited by factors such as the risk of immune rejection and potential tumorigenicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a key paracrine component of stem cell potency, overcome the drawbacks of stem cell applications as a cell-free therapeutic agent and play an important role in treating various diseases. However, EVs derived from two-dimensional (2D) planar culture of SCs have low yield and face challenges in large-scale production, which hinders the clinical translation of EVs. Three-dimensional (3D) culture, given its ability to more realistically simulate the in vivo environment, can not only expand SCs in large quantities, but also improve the yield and activity of EVs, changing the content of EVs and improving their therapeutic effects. In this review, we briefly describe the advantages of EVs and EV-related clinical applications, provide an overview of 3D cell culture, and finally focus on specific applications and future perspectives of EVs derived from 3D culture of different SCs.
Graphical Abstract
“…4 A) [ 142 ]. Another study on a rat articular osteochondral defect model also demonstrated the stronger ability of 3D-Exos to promote osteochondral repair, and the most complete osteochondral repair was achieved when 3D-Exos were used in combination with 3D-printed scaffolds [ 164 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Current Applications Of Evs Derived From 3d Cultured Scsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For UCMSC-Exos, the best osteochondral repair results were obtained when 3D-Exos was combined with 3D-printed scaffolds (Fig. 6 B) [ 164 ]. Just like 2D-EVs, we can further engineer 3D-EVs to enhance the effects of 3D-EVs by loading them with specific substances or stimulating the growth of SCs from which they are derived in vitro.…”
Section: Current Applications Of Evs Derived From 3d Cultured Scsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…ICRS score of the cartilage defect. Reproduced with permission from reference [ 164 ]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier …”
Section: Current Applications Of Evs Derived From 3d Cultured Scsmentioning
Stem cells (SCs) have been used therapeutically for decades, yet their applications are limited by factors such as the risk of immune rejection and potential tumorigenicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a key paracrine component of stem cell potency, overcome the drawbacks of stem cell applications as a cell-free therapeutic agent and play an important role in treating various diseases. However, EVs derived from two-dimensional (2D) planar culture of SCs have low yield and face challenges in large-scale production, which hinders the clinical translation of EVs. Three-dimensional (3D) culture, given its ability to more realistically simulate the in vivo environment, can not only expand SCs in large quantities, but also improve the yield and activity of EVs, changing the content of EVs and improving their therapeutic effects. In this review, we briefly describe the advantages of EVs and EV-related clinical applications, provide an overview of 3D cell culture, and finally focus on specific applications and future perspectives of EVs derived from 3D culture of different SCs.
Graphical Abstract
“…The application of stem cells to burn wounds can significantly promote wound healing via scaffolding. The direct implantation of three‐dimensional bioprinted stem cells into blood vessels has great potential, especially the production of organ and tissue substitutes 277,278 . Promoting the differentiation of stem cells using bioprinting technology allows scaffolds to be reshaped over a period of time 279,280 .…”
Section: Other Systems Loaded With Stem Cells and Exosomesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The direct implantation of three‐dimensional bioprinted stem cells into blood vessels has great potential, especially the production of organ and tissue substitutes. 277 , 278 Promoting the differentiation of stem cells using bioprinting technology allows scaffolds to be reshaped over a period of time. 279 , 280 The ability to tune bioprinting properties, which can be used to create stem cell carriers and take full advantage of cell pluripotency, is of great importance in biomaterials and bioengineering.…”
Section: Other Systems Loaded With Stem Cells and Exosomesmentioning
Regeneration is a complex process affected by many elements independent or combined, including inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Stem cells is a class of primitive cells with the potentiality of differentiation, regenerate with self‐replication, multidirectional differentiation, and immunomodulatory functions. Stem cells and their cytokines not only inextricably linked to the regeneration of ectodermal and skin tissues, but also can be used for the treatment of a variety of chronic wounds. Stem cells can produce exosomes in a paracrine manner. Stem cell exosomes play an important role in tissue regeneration, repair, and accelerated wound healing, the biological properties of which are similar with stem cells, while stem cell exosomes are safer and more effective. Skin and bone tissues are critical organs in the body, which are essential for sustaining life activities. The weak repairing ability leads a pronounced impact on the quality of life of patients, which could be alleviated by stem cell exosomes treatment. However, there are obstacles that stem cells and stem cells exosomes trough skin for improved bioavailability. This paper summarizes the applications and mechanisms of stem cells and stem cells exosomes for skin and bone healing. We also propose new ways of utilizing stem cells and their exosomes through different nanoformulations, liposomes and nanoliposomes, polymer micelles, microspheres, hydrogels, and scaffold microneedles, to improve their use in tissue healing and regeneration.
The translation of pre‐clinical anti‐cancer therapies to regulatory approval has been promising, but slower than hoped. While innovative and effective treatments continue to achieve or seek approval, setbacks are often attributed to a lack of efficacy, failure to achieve clinical endpoints, and dose‐limiting toxicities. Successful efforts have been characterized by the development of therapeutics designed to specifically deliver optimal and effective dosing to tumour cells while minimizing off‐target toxicity. Much effort has been devoted to the rational design and application of synthetic nanoparticles to serve as targeted therapeutic delivery vehicles. Several challenges to the successful application of this modality as delivery vehicles include the induction of a protracted immune response that results in their rapid systemic clearance, manufacturing cost, lack of stability, and their biocompatibility. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous class of endogenous biologically produced lipid bilayer nanoparticles that mediate intercellular communication by carrying bioactive macromolecules capable of modifying cellular phenotypes to local and distant cells. By genetic, chemical, or metabolic methods, extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be engineered to display targeting moieties on their surface while transporting specific cargo to modulate pathological processes following uptake by target cell populations. This review will survey the types of EVs, their composition and cargoes, strategies employed to increase their targeting, uptake, and cargo release, and their potential as targeted anti‐cancer therapeutic delivery vehicles.
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