Engineering method for calculating heat-conduction processes

Non-Fourier analysis of skin biothermomechanics

“…Vedavarz et al [30] found that s q for some biological tissues lies in the range of 10-1000 s at cryogenic temperature and 1-100 s at room temperature. Brazhnikov et al [49] and Kaminski [5] found s q = 20-30 s for meat products; Mitra et al [12] found that the s q for processed meat was about 15.5 s while Roetzel et al [9] found it to be 1.77 s. As for skin tissue, no data about the thermal relaxation time has been reported although it has been determined for important cutaneous structures [53], and are detailed in Table 1. From the table we can see skin tissue has a ''lengthy" relaxation time, which means it is desirable to develop a computational approach to examine the non-Fourier heat transfer process and the resulting mechanical response in skin tissue.…”

“…There is, at present, no direct experimental method exists for determining s q . It has been suggested that s q can be determined by fitting experimental temperature data with theoretical predictions from the hyperbolic equation, by using s q as a variable parameter [47][48][49][50][51]. By using the equation, s q ¼ a=C 2 t , s q for nonhomogenous materials can also be determined based on the measurement of the thermal wave speed C t , which can derived from the penetration time 1 and the distance of this point to the heat source, and the measurement of the thermal diffusivity a.…”

Biothermomechanical behavior of skin tissue

“…Vedavarz et al [135] found τ q of biological materials and tissue has a value in the range of 10-1,000 s at cryogenic temperature and 1-100 s at room temperature. For meat products, τ q = 20-30 s [136,137]. Mitra et al [112] found that the value of τ q in processed meat was about 15.5 s while Roetzel et al [138] found it to be 1.77 s.…”

Prediction methods of skin burn for performance evaluation of thermal protective clothing

“…In highly nonhomogeneous inner structures as biological systems, t has been predicted to be 16-30 s according to Refs. [48,49]. The DPLMBT is given as follows [50]:…”