Engineering photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions: Mechanisms, intrinsic kinetics, mass transfer resistances, reactors and multi-scale modelling simulations

Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction Products Over Sandwiched Hybrid Ga2O3:ZnO/Indium/ZnO Nanorods

“…On the basis of the CO 2 reduction of major products, the simplified CO 2 reduction mechanism is depicted in Figure 8 ( Sohn et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Song et al, 2020 ; Prabhu et al, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2021 ; da Silva Freitas et al, 2021 ; Ješić et al, 2021 ; Ochedi et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; Bellardita et al, 2021 ). In an NaHCO 3 electrolyte saturated with CO 2 , two processes are initially involved; H + + e − → H ad and CO 2 + H + + e − → HOOC ad .…”

“…In an NaHCO 3 electrolyte saturated with CO 2 , two processes are initially involved; H + + e − → H ad and CO 2 + H + + e − → HOOC ad . The surface H ad is liberated as gaseous H 2 via H ad + H + + e − → H 2 or H ad + H ad → H 2 ( Sohn et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Prabhu et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2020 ; Bellardita et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; da Silva Freitas et al, 2021 ; Ješić et al, 2021 ; Ochedi et al, 2021 ; Sun et al, 2021 ). This process became pronounced when the thickness of GZO was increased.…”

“…Inversely, the formate and H 2 production processes became reduced under light irradiation. CH 4 and C 2 H 2 were minor products and the net reactions are written as CO 2 + 8H + + 8e − → CH 4 + 2H 2 O and 2CO 2 + 10H + + 10e − → C 2 H 2 + 4H 2 O, respectively ( Sohn et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Song et al, 2020 ; Prabhu et al, 2020 ; Bellardita et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; da Silva Freitas et al, 2021 ; Ješić et al, 2021 ; Ochedi et al, 2021 ; Sun et al, 2021 ). Some surface O≡C ad species may transform into HOC ad and H x C ad .…”

“…Producing recycled energy products using abundant CO 2 is another challenging project for future solutions for energy and environment ( Sohn et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Prabhu et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2020 ; Bellardita et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; da Silva Freitas et al, 2021 ; Ješić et al, 2021 ; Ochedi et al, 2021 ; Sun et al, 2021 ). Electrochemical CO 2 reduction is a promising method, and the development of electrodes is a major goal for approaching practical application in the industry.…”

The Effect of the Temperature and Moisture to the Permeation Properties of PEO-Based Membranes for Carbon-Dioxide Separation

“…An advantage of membrane separation of the CO 2 is that a similar system could be applied not only for the flue gas treatment, but also in enriching the hydrogen produced by the water gas shift reaction [ 7 , 8 ]. Research in the modeling of membrane systems for carbon-dioxide/hydrogen separation in hydrogen production was conducted as well [ 9 ]. A suitable membrane for the purpose of separation should have high permeability for carbon-dioxide, and low permeability for all other common constituents of flue gases [ 10 ].…”