Word representation is a means of representing a word as mathematical entities that can be read, reasoned and manipulated by computational models. The representation is required for input to any new modern data models and in many cases, the accuracy of a model depends on it. In this paper, we analyze various methods of calculating vector space for Nepali words and postulate a word to vector model based on the Skip-gram model with NCE loss capturing syntactic and semantic word relationships. This is an attempt to implement a paper by Mikolov on Nepali words.

Background. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. and Nymphaea lotus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) are both aquatic rhizomatous perennial plants mostly found in the tropical region of Nepal, India, Bangladesh, China, and Eastern Asia. Nymphaea pubescens and Nelumbo nucifera plants are famous for their different biological activities such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective. The present study majorly focused on the determination of in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Nelumbo nucifera and Nymphaea pubescens. Methods. In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition was performed using PNPG as a substrate. Antioxidant property of the plant extract was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The aluminium trichloride method was done for the estimation of total flavonoid content. Likewise, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was used for determining total phenolic content. Results. The total phenolic content of N. nucifera and N. pubescens was found to be 172.827 ± 0.41 and 194.87 ± 0.93 mg GAE/g, respectively, while the total flavonoid content was reported 17.12 ± 1.04 and 34.59 ± 1.73 mg QE/g, respectively. The IC50 values of the crude extract and its fractions of N. nucifera against the DPPH free radical ranged from 33.46 ± 0.6 to 3.52 ± 0.09 μg/mL, while that of the N. pubescens ranged from 14.30 ± 0.43 to 1.43 ± 0.08 μg/mL. Similarly, for the in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition activity, the IC50 of the crude extract and its fractions of N. nucifera varied from 349.86 ± 2.91 to 29.06 ± 0.24 μg/mL and that of N. pubescens ranged from 224.4 ± 6.85 to 5.29 ± 0.39 μg/mL. Conclusion. Both aquatic plants N. nucifera and N. pubescens show antioxidant properties and can inhibit α-glucosidase in in vitro. Further research is required to identify the inhibiting compounds.

Background: Essential oils (EOs) are a mixture of volatile compounds of plant origin, which possess substantial biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of essential oil isolated from Cymbopogon winterianusJowitt. Methods:: The hydro-distillation method was used for the isolation of essential oil. The chemical composition of the isolated essential oil was analyzed using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Antioxidant activity was determined using2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, and the IC50 value was calculated. The well-diffusion method was applied for the antibacterial activity, and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured. Results: The essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianusJowitt was isolated with a 0.5% yield. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS) analysis reported 19 different compounds, out of which, Geraniol (28.87%), Citronellal (11.85%), Citronellol (10.88%), Geranial (9.19%), trans-Geranyl acetate (9.11%), and Neral (8.02%) were found to be the major constituents. The essential oil was a promising antioxidant with an IC50 value of 0.458±0.39µg/mL compared to the standard Quercetin 1.187±0.22µg/mL.In addition, the isolated essential oil revealed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI=13.2mm), Bacillus subtilis (ZOI=9.9mm), and Enterococcus faecalis (ZOI=8.4mm). Conclusions: The essential oil isolated from Cymbopogon winterianusJowittexhibits antioxidant and antibacterial activity, implying that it could find use in modern medicine.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia in which the blood sugar levels are increased. Nepalese medicinal plants are being used traditionally since long back in the treatment of diabetes. These plants have provided a broad research area in modern medicine development due to their potency to inhibit digestive enzymes. The isolated compounds and crude extract of these plants exhibited the property of inhibiting the digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase). Objective: This review's primary purpose is to explore the inhibitory activity of Nepal's medicinal plants against the digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) as a practical approach to control type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Twenty Nepalese medicinal plants belonging to 19 families and compounds isolated from them possessing potent inhibitory activity against digestive enzymes and are responsible for managing postprandial hyperglycemia are reviewed under this article. Methods: The scientific evidence of the tabulated medicinal plants' function in managing postprandial hyperglycemia through inhibition of digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) was carefully investigated online. As a result, searches in PubMed, Research Gate, and Google Scholar were conducted. All of the data from the various sources have been organized in a structured manner. Result and Conclusion: From the database available, twenty plants with their crude extract and some isolated compounds and their IC50 values are tabulated. Thus, these compounds could be vital components in drug design with fewer side effects and could be a replaceable agent to conquer diabetes threats.