Engineering tin phosphides@carbon yolk–shell nanocube structures as a highly stable anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Tin phosphides@carbon with a yolk–shell nanocube structure was prepared as a highly stable anode material for sodium-ion batteries.

Micro/Nanostructured Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries and Capacitors

“…The enhanced performance is attributed to the mitigated pulverization of Sn and P during the alloying process. To further relieve the volumetric expansion and improve the reaction kinetics, rational structural design, such as yolk–shell Sn 4 P 3 /C nanospheres, Sn 4 P 3 /rGO nanocomposites, and Sn 4 P 3 @C yolk–shell nanocubes has been proposed. Very recently, Xu et al prepared a novel Sn 4 P 3 –P@graphene nanocomposite (Sn:P = 1:3) in which the graphene matrix surrounded the nanoparticles to promote faster kinetics and alleviate the volume expansion as well to create stronger interactions between the nanoparticles and graphene to maintain electrical contact .…”

A High‐Rate and Ultrastable Sodium Ion Anode Based on a Novel Sn4P3‐P@Graphene Nanocomposite

“…Metal phosphides (MP x , M = Ni, [24] Cu, [25,26] Ge, [27,28] Fe, [29,30] Sn, [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] etc.) have also shown high reversible capacities for Na ion storage and much improved cycling stability and rate capability, which originates from the enhancement of electrical conductivity upon the presence of metal atoms as electronic pathways for phosphorus atoms.…”

“…are generally considered. [34,39] and [40], and the weak peak at 485.5 eV may indicate a small fraction of remaining SnP 3 . The higher binding energy peak at 487.2 eV results from oxidized Sn 4+ on the surface of nanoparticles.…”

“…[32,33,35] The desodiation capacity at 0.2 A g −1 increases from 762 mA h g −1 to 866 mA h g −1 within 100 cycles and stays stable afterward, the retained capacity reaches 842 mA h g −1 in 200 cycles. [31,[33][34][35][36]39,40] To the best of our knowledge, the capacity retentions at such high current rates and the cycling stability that SPPG has achieved are unparalleled among all the SnP compounds based anode materials for Na-ion batteries. In comparison, the activation process is not observed when the electrodes are dis-/charged at high current rates (1 and 2 A g −1 ).…”

Recent Advances in Sodium-Ion Battery Materials

“…9d, h) [224]. And the performances have been improved by rational structural design and carbon decoration [225][226][227]. Recently, FeP x has also been reported for sodium storage [228].…”