“…Consequently, English education in schools and teacher's support have become less effective on individual learning (Baek, 2011;Kim, 2012;Lim & Joo, 2018). Since we have limited diagnostic and empirical knowledge on how well or poorly students perform in English and what are the sources of difficulties particularly low-achieving learners encounter, English education gives a way to less targeted interventions or materials, churning out so-called 'English Abandoners or Underachievers (Yeongpoja in Korean)' at a relatively early stage of English education (Byean, 2017;Shin & Lee, 2019;Yang, 2018;Yang, 2019). Conversely, extra-curricular learning outside school has become increasingly prevalent and stood out as a main source of the individual differences or 'English Divide' in English learning (Lee, 2008;2014;Shin & Lee, 2019).…”