The pulsed electric field (PEF) is a non-thermal food processing technology that induces electroporation of the cell membrane thus improving mass transfer through the cell membrane. In this study, the drying and rehydration kinetics, microstructure, and carotenoid content of carrot (Daucus carota) pretreated by PEF during convective drying at 50 °C were investigated. The PEF treatment was conducted with different field strengths (1.0–2.5 kV/cm) using a fixed pulse width of 20 µs and at a pulse frequency of 50 Hz. The PEF 2.5 kV/cm showed the shortest drying time, taking 180 min, whereas the control required 330 min for the same moisture ratio, indicating a 45% reduction in drying time. The rehydration ability also increased as the strengths of PEF increased. PEF 2.5 kV/cm resulted in 27.58% increase in moisture content compared to the control after rehydration (1 h). Three mathematical models were applied to the drying and rehydration data; the Page and Peleg models were selected as the most appropriate models to describe the drying and rehydration kinetics, respectively. The cutting force of the sample was decreased as the strength of PEF increased, and a more homogeneous cellular structure was observed in the PEF pretreatment group. The reduction in drying time by PEF was beneficial to the carotenoid content, and PEF 2.5 kV/cm showed the highest preservation content of carotenoid. Overall, these results suggested that the pretreatment of PEF and the drying and rehydration rate influence the quality of products, functional components, and cellular structure.

Hallyu (the Korean wave) is an intriguing phenomenon originating from Korea and refers to the current impact of products of South Korean popular culture (especially for music, K-pop). K-pop, a representative product of the Korean Wave, is a multi-layered formation that is composed of hybrid cultural practices and a diverse range of lived experiences. Nowadays, much social and academic attention is being paid to the reason for the success of K-pop. This study deals with how the Korean traditional gwangdae (scaramouche or clown) culture has been passed down to develop into K-pop. For this, diachronic perspectives are applied to analyze the formation and development of gwangdae culture and K-pop; and the cultural hybridity theories are used in explaining the succession of gwangdae spirit to K-pop culture. As a result, this study examines how and what kinds of changes and innovations Korean gwangdae culture has gone through to accumulate, pass down and develop the gwangdae's artistic and cultural capabilities, living up to the demands of the times, since earlier times. Thus, this study tries to understand the meaning through traditional interpretation and reflections on K-pop and also makes specific policy recommendations to accompany the analysis. In particular, we tried to present the direction of the new K-pop strategy based on the gwangdae spirit.

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