Enhanced ballistic performance of confined multi-layered ceramic targets against long rod penetrators through interface defeat

Espinosa, Horacio D.; Brar, N. S.; Yuan, Guo; Xu, Yande; Arrieta, V

doi:10.1016/s0020-7683(99)00196-1

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Models for predicting fragment size distribution have been applied to understand the physics of hypervelocity impact [1,2], crash performance, explosive drilling [3], and even the size distribution and clustering of galaxies resulting from the formation of the universe during the big bang [4]. Armor ceramics are another important class of materials that fail on impact due to a fast fragmentation process [5]. It has been observed that the interaction between the penetrator and the fragmented zone ahead of it (often referred to as the comminuted or Mescal zone) is key to penetration performance [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cohesive element approach to dynamic fragmentation: the question of energy convergence

Molinari

Gazonas

Raghupathy

et al. 2006

Numerical Meth Engineering

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SUMMARYThe cohesive element approach is getting increasingly popular for simulations in which a large amount of cracking occurs. Naturally, a robust representation of fragmentation mechanics is contingent to an accurate description of dissipative mechanisms in form of cracking and branching. A number of cohesive law models have been proposed over the years and these can be divided into two categories: cohesive laws that are initially rigid and cohesive laws that have an initial elastic slope. This paper focuses on the initially rigid cohesive law, which is shown to successfully capture crack branching mechanisms in simulations. The paper addresses the issue of energy convergence of the finite-element solution for high-loading rate fragmentation problems, within the context of small strain linear elasticity. These results are obtained in an idealized one-dimensional setting, and they provide new insight for determining proper cohesive zone spacing as function of loading rate. The findings provide a useful roadmap for choosing mesh sizes and mesh size distributions in two and three-dimensional fragmentation problems. Remarkably, introducing a slight degree of mesh randomness is shown to improve by up to two orders of magnitude the convergence of the fragmentation problem.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cohesive element approach to dynamic fragmentation: the question of energy convergence

Molinari

Gazonas

Raghupathy

et al. 2006

Numerical Meth Engineering

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“…If damage accumulation is the mechanism by which the cavity is formed--as usually found in brittle ceramics--then system design parameters (such as the confinement system, target architecture, etc.) will have a strong effect on the penetration rate (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unsteady penetration of a target by a liquid jet

Uth

Deshpande

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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It is widely acknowledged that ceramic armor experiences an unsteady penetration response: an impacting projectile may erode on the surface of a ceramic target without substantial penetration for a significant amount of time and then suddenly start to penetrate the target. Although known for more than four decades, this phenomenon, commonly referred to as dwell, remains largely unexplained. Here, we use scaled analog experiments with a low-speed water jet and a soft, translucent target material to investigate dwell. The transient target response, in terms of depth of penetration and impact force, is captured using a high-speed camera in combination with a piezoelectric force sensor. We observe the phenomenon of dwell using a soft (noncracking) target material. The results show that the penetration rate increases when the flow of the impacting water jet is reversed due to the deformation of the jet-target interface--this reversal is also associated with an increase in the force exerted by the jet on the target. Creep penetration experiments with a constant indentation force did not show an increase in the penetration rate, confirming that flow reversal is the cause of the unsteady penetration rate. Our results suggest that dwell can occur in a ductile noncracking target due to flow reversal. This phenomenon of flow reversal is rather widespread and present in a wide range of impact situations, including water-jet cutting, needleless injection, and deposit removal via a fluid jet.impact loading | ballistic penetration | fluid-structure interaction | interface defeat C eramic materials, although having a reputation for being inherently brittle, have been used for different armor systems for almost a century. The application of ceramic-based armor ranges from protection of aircraft and personnel against smallcaliber threats, to vehicle armor designed to defeat long-rod penetrators and shaped charges.Here, we consider thick, well-confined ceramic armor systems designed to withstand the high-velocity impact of heavy-metal longrod penetrators. Such systems are extensively used to study the dynamic penetration properties of ceramics over relatively long time frames: the confinement prevents/reduces the macroscopic cracking of the ceramic target and thus provides a more controlled experimental setting where statistical effects of cracking are minimized.The time-resolved penetration behavior of ceramic armor has been extensively studied over the past 45 y using flash radiography, a technique used for impact experiments involving optically opaque targets (1-4). As sketched in Fig.

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“…The findings reported by Hauver and co-workers, and Bless and co-workers, concerning the design of ceramic targets to achieve interface defeat were fiirther examined by extending their experimental technique to include inmaterial stress measiirements and real time free surface velocity histories, Espinosa, Brar et al, 2000. Examination of the post-shot multi-layered ceramic targets revealed complete and partial interface defeat of long rod tungsten heavy alloy penetrators.…”

Section: Experiments and Modeling Of Ballistic Penetration In Multilamentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight Layered Materials/Structures for Damage Tolerant Armor

Sun¹,

Bowman²,

Doyle³

et al. 2003

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Enhanced ballistic performance of confined multi-layered ceramic targets against long rod penetrators through interface defeat

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

The cohesive element approach to dynamic fragmentation: the question of energy convergence

The cohesive element approach to dynamic fragmentation: the question of energy convergence

Unsteady penetration of a target by a liquid jet

Lightweight Layered Materials/Structures for Damage Tolerant Armor

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