Enhanced biocatalytic activity of immobilized steapsin lipase in supercritical carbon dioxide for production of biodiesel using waste cooking oil

Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

“…Mixtures of the same enzyme immobilized using different protocols/support materials also affect the biodiesel yield. Toro et al [226] immobilized the same lipase (T. lanuginosus lipase) on two different supports (Purolite ® ECR1604 and Lewatit ® VPOC1600) and used them for biodiesel production from palm olein. The biodiesel yield reached 70.3% (for lipase immobilized on Purolite ® ECR1604) and 78.2% (for lipase immobilized on Lewatit ® VPOC1600).…”

“…The biodiesel yield reached 70.3% (for lipase immobilized on Purolite ® ECR1604) and 78.2% (for lipase immobilized on Lewatit ® VPOC1600). Notably, the biodiesel yielded increased to 86.1% when the mixture of the two individually immobilized lipases was used [226]. This could be explained by the fact that the enzyme features (flexibility of their active site and their mechanism of action) can be modulated by changes in the immobilization protocol [172].…”

Catalytic Synthesis of Energy‐rich Fuel Additive Levulinate Esters from Levulinic Acid using Modified Ultra‐stable Zeolite Y

“…[4,5] Global researchers are trying alternative renewable energy resources that would be used as energy demand in the future. [6,7] According to the studies, in 2015, the obtained energy from renewable sources was 6.7 %, and in 2017, it was 7.2 %. So, it becomes necessary to develop biobased technology to synthesize renewable fuels.…”

“…Also, the burning of these fossil fuels affects the environment like global warming, smog formation, the overall increase in the temperature, etc [4,5] . Global researchers are trying alternative renewable energy resources that would be used as energy demand in the future [6,7] . According to the studies, in 2015, the obtained energy from renewable sources was 6.7 %, and in 2017, it was 7.2 %.…”