Enhanced biological activity of carotenoids stabilized by phenyl groups

Carotenoids from fruits and vegetables: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, bioavailability and biological activities

“…As, β-carotene contains two β-ionone ring, so it possess 100% provitamin A activity, and lycopene lack provitamin A activity due to the absence of β-ionone ring. Provitamin A activity of You, et al, (2015) prepared synthetic carotenoids containing the aromatic phenyl groups with a para-substituent at C-13 and C-13′ position in order to overcome a structural instability of carotenoid. These stabilized carotenoids exerted stronger radical scavenging activity than β-carotene in DPPH and ABTS assays.…”

C. elegans-on-a-chip for in situ and in vivo Ag nanoparticles’ uptake and toxicity assay

“…Given that C. elegans has a translucent body, the expression of specific genes can be easily visualized fluorescently in transgenic animals containing the DNA construct with a gene of interest fused to GFP (green fluorescence protein)1742. Depending on the gene that was selected for analysis, the fluorescence intensity can provide quantitative information about the effect of toxic materials on gene expression4243.…”

“…All nematodes were maintained at 20 °C on nematode growth medium (NGM) seeded with OP50 as a food source717.…”

“…C. elegans eggs were isolated from mature adults using a hypochlorite solution (1.5% NaOCl and 1.5 M NaOH) and allowed to hatch on fresh NGM agar plates with OP50 as a food source717. The synchronized worms were prepared and grown until the middle of the L4 larval stage.…”

“…These animals are free-living, transparent nematodes, ~1 mm in length, that have a life cycle of a few days. They are therefore considerably less complex than mammals and can be easily grown and studied17. The C. elegans genome has been completely sequenced, and its genetic mechanisms have been studied extensively.…”