Enhanced cortisol suppression in response to dexamethasone administration in traumatized veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder

Kloet, Carien S. de; Vermetten, Eric; Heijnen, Cobi J.; Geuze, Elbert; Lentjes, Eef G.W.M.; Westenberg, H.G.M.

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.009

Cited by 157 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In the same population we have measured diurnal salivary cortisol levels (awakening, 30 and 60 min after awakening; noon, 1600 and 2000). 49 Apart from a flattened awakening cortisol response in PTSD patients and trauma controls compared to healthy controls, no differences were observed in diurnal cortisol levels. We cannot exclude that differences in awakening cortisol response contributed to the observed differences in leukocyte GR density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In addition, in the same groups of individuals we have shown that PTSD patients and trauma controls have an increased response to in vivo low-dose DEX suppression of saliva cortisol, which is indicative of increased brain GR sensitivity rather than resistance. 49 Therefore, we conclude that determination of the effect of glucocorticoids on specific in vitro activity of the immune system cannot be used as a general model for GR function in the HPA axis. In view of the complex mechanism of action of GR in immune cells, this is not surprising.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and immunoregulation in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder

et al. 2007

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with a dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). In addition, there is evidence for altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The aim of the present study was to differentiate between the effect of trauma exposure and PTSD on leukocyte GR expression and glucocorticoid immune regulation. Leukocyte GR binding characteristics and glucocorticoid sensitivity of immune activity, determined as the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on in vitro cytokine release and T-cell proliferation, were compared between veterans with PTSD, traumatized veterans without PTSD and healthy controls. Leukocyte GR density was significantly lower in veterans with and without PTSD compared to healthy controls. DEX-induced inhibition of T-cell proliferation was significantly lower in PTSD compared to trauma and healthy controls. DEX-induced increase in lipopolysaccharidestimulated interleukin-10 was less pronounced in traumatized veterans with and without PTSD compared to healthy controls. No group differences were observed in the effect of DEX on other cytokines or in baseline immune activity, except for lower tumor necrosis factor-a production in PTSD patients compared to healthy controls. The results suggest that trauma exposure is sufficient to induce changes in GR binding characteristics, whereas resistance of T-cell proliferation to DEX only occurs in PTSD. DEX resistance of in vitro immune activity was not a general phenomenon, but was restricted to specific immune functions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and immunoregulation in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder

et al. 2007

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“…Pruessner et al [7] observed that teachers reporting high levels of burnout tended to have a blunted cortisol response at awakening along with an increased feedback sensitivity at the pituitary level. De Kloet et al [12] showed that levels of salivary cortisol decreased 30 min after awakening in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and that trauma is related to an alteration of the HPA-axis function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of awakening salivary CgA in response to stress in healthy subjects

Den

Toda

Ohira

et al. 2010

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objects To determine the changes in salivary chromogranin A (CgA) levels upon awakening in response to of stress by investigating the relationship between salivary CgA levels and the stress response as assessed by GHQ-28 tests. Methods The study cohort comprised 40 healthy male university students (age range 19-22 years). Salivary CgA levels were measured at 7:00 a.m. (awakening) and at 7:30, 8:00, and 8:30 a.m. (after awakening). Results The salivary CgA level was 0.91 ± 0.20 and 0.42 ± 0.1 pmol/ml at 7:00 a.m. in students scoring low (n = 26) and high (n = 14), respectively, on the ''severe depression'' subscale. This difference in salivary CgA levels at 7:00 between high and low scorers was statistically significant (p \ 0.05). Conclusions Our findings indicate that depression may influence secretions of salivary CgA via chronic stressrelated attenuation of the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system activity.

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“…Stress can influence the development and exacerbate the symptoms of a variety of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia (McEwen, 2004;de Kloet et al, , 2007Sandi and Richter-Levin, 2009). An increasing number of animal models based on stress interventions have been shown to effectively mimic a variety of psychopathological alterations (Willner, 2005;Renthal et al, 2007;Stam, 2007;Ilin and Richter-Levin, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA axis hyper-reactivity and brain changes in pERK1/2 activity

Castro

Diessler

Varea

et al. 2012

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Summary Emerging evidence indicates that certain behavioral traits, such as anxiety, are associated with the development of depression-like behaviors after exposure to chronic stress. However, single traits do not explain the wide variability in vulnerability to stress observed in outbred populations. We hypothesized that a combination of behavioral traits might provide a better characterization of an individual's vulnerability to prolonged stress. Here, we sought to determine whether the characterization of relevant behavioral traits in rats could aid in identifying individuals with different vulnerabilities to developing stress-induced depressionlike behavioral alterations. We also investigated whether behavioral traits would be related to the development of alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and in brain activityas measured through phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) -in response to an acute stressor following either sub-chronic (2 weeks) or chronic (4 weeks) unpredictable stress (CUS). Sprague-Dawley rats were characterized using a battery of behavioral tasks, and three principal traits were identified: anxiety, exploration and activity. When combined, the first two traits were found to explain the variability in the stress responses. Our findings confirm the increased risk of animals with high anxiety developing certain depression-like behaviors (e.g., increased floating time in the forced swim test) when progressively exposed to stress. In contrast, the behavioral profile based on combined low anxiety and low exploration was resistant to alterations related to social behaviors, while the high anxiety and low exploration profile displayed a particularly vulnerable pattern of physiological and neurobiological responses after sub-chronic stress exposure. Our findings indicate important differences in

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Enhanced cortisol suppression in response to dexamethasone administration in traumatized veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder

Cited by 157 publications

References 58 publications

Leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and immunoregulation in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder

Leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and immunoregulation in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder

Levels of awakening salivary CgA in response to stress in healthy subjects

Personality traits in rats predict vulnerability and resilience to developing stress-induced depression-like behaviors, HPA axis hyper-reactivity and brain changes in pERK1/2 activity

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