Enhanced Eradication of Bacterial/Fungi Biofilms by Glucose Oxidase-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Potential Treatment for Persistent Endodontic Infections

Abstract

Bacterial/fungal biofilm-mediated persistent endodontic infections (PEIs) are one of the most frequent clinical lesions in the oral cavity, resulting in apical periodontitis and tooth damage caused by loss of minerals. The conventional root canal disinfectants are poorly bio-safe and harmful to teeth and tissues, making them ineffective in treating PEIs. The development of nanomaterials is emerging as a promising strategy to eradicate disease-related bacteria/fungi. Herein, glucose oxidase (GOx)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized via a facile and versatile route for investigating their effects on removing PEI-related bacterial/fungal biofilms. It is found that GOx was successfully immobilized on the MNPs by detecting the changes in the diameter, chemical functional group, charge, and magnetic response. Further, we demonstrate that GOx-modified MNPs (GMNPs) exhibit highly effective antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Moreover, the antibacterial/fungal activity of GMNPs is greatly dependent on their concentrations. Importantly, when placed in contact with bacterial/fungal biofilms, the dense biofilm matrix is destructed due to the movement of GMNPs induced by the magnetic field, the formation of reactive oxygen species, and nutrient starvation induced by GOx. Also, the in vitro experiment shows that the as-prepared GMNPs have excellent cytocompatibility and blood compatibility. Thus, GMNPs offer a novel strategy to treat bacteria/fungi-associated PEIs for potential clinical applications.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Responsive Biomaterials for the Treatment of Bone-Related Diseases

“…Though the presence of ROS would worsen the condition in OA, ROS is required during the early phase of the antimicrobial ( Ren et al, 2020a ; Ji et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ) and anticancer ( Ren et al, 2020b ) progress for osteomyelitis and osteosarcomas. Particular emphasis is placed on the ROS-mediated photochemical and molecular mechanisms that give rise to the establishment of photothermal therapy as a treatment of highly resistant diseases, especially invasive and metastatic tumors.…”

Reactive Oxygen Species-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Applications

“…Bacterial-infected wounds could not heal quickly ( Ji et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ). Nanomaterials exhibiting light-responsive multifunctional properties were designed as an enticing platform for the management of bacterial-infected wounds.…”

Nanomedicines for the Efficient Treatment of Intracellular Bacteria: The “ART” Principle

“…As an example, magnetic targeting has been recently introduced to enhance the accumulation of nanomedicines at infection sites ( Subbiahdoss et al, 2012 ; Armenia et al, 2018 ). Ji et al utilize the magnetic targeting ability of magnetic nanoparticles to deliver glucose oxidase, efficiently eradicating bacterial/fungi biofilms ( Ji et al, 2021 ). However, in vitro guidance is only suitable for detected infections.…”