Enhanced fault location algorithm for smart grid containing wind farm using wireless communication facilities

Abstract

Modern smart grid (SG) should efficiently accommodate the renewable resources such as wind energy under different operation conditions. High level of wind energy penetration into SG results in operation constraints to avoid any tripping out of wind generators from the grid during fault conditions. Therefore, following the fault occurrence, the utility has to restore power as quickly as possible. This requires accurate and efficient fault location algorithms to have appropriate action for rapid service restoration. This study presents two fault location algorithms taking into account the dynamic behaviour of wind farm generation. In the first conventional algorithm, fault location is estimated using the recorded voltage and current signals at one end of the line. While second algorithm is two-end fault location based on the synchronised voltage and current signals from the line ends. Calculations are carried out in time domain within half cycle using movable windows for recorded signals. The obtained results of two-end algorithm are superior and more accurate compared with the conventional one-end fault location algorithm. This is attributed to SG facilities with modern communication links and data synchronisation technology. The proposed algorithms are tested through grid and wind farm simulations to justify their effectiveness. NomenclatureP a aerodynamic power (W) ρ air density (1.25 kg/m 3 ) C p aerodynamic power performance coefficient A rotor swept area (m 2 ) V w wind speed (m/s) ω rotor rotating speed (rad/s) l tip-speed ratio β pitch angle (radiant) R rotor radius (m) r transmission line resistance per km (Ω/km) l transmission line inductance per km (H/km) y total transmission line length (km) V sj sampled sending bus voltage (V) i sj sampled sending bus current (A) V ej sampled receiving bus voltage (V) i ej sampled receiving bus current (A) x fault location seen from sending end (km) Z eff effective fault impedance (Ω) r f fault resistance (Ω)

Fault Classifications in Distribution Systems Consisting of Wind Power as Distributed Generation Using Discrete Wavelet Transforms

“…In [11], the research proposed that faults in the system consist of Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines, due to a new requirement of the grid code. A smart grid system with a high level of renewable energy penetration, especially wind farms, requires accurate and rapid fault location algorithms in order to prevent the tripping of out of wind power generators [12]. These researches have demonstrated a significant change in various aspects of system characteristics in the distribution system with wind power generation as a DG, in both normal conditions and fault states.…”

Joint Radio Resource Allocation and Base Station Location Selection in OFDMA Based Private Wireless Access Networks for Smart Grid

“…(1) for = 1 to do (2) for = 1 to do (3) for = 1 to do (4) i n i t i a l i z eH , , = 0; (5) delete from G devices which are not feasible in slot anymore; (6) while G ̸ = 0 do (7) determine device * with the lowest satisfaction ratio in G ; (8) p u t * into H , , ; 9delete * and devices connected to it from G ; (10) end while (11) c a l c u l a t eΔ , , ; (12) recover G ; (13) update satisfaction ratio of all devices in G ; (14) end for (15) calculateΔ , ; (…”

“…(3) initialize z; (4) determine the values of and given z; (5) determine the value of given z, , and ; (6) initialize z best = z and best = ; (7) while < max do (8) update z next ; (9) update next and next given z next ; (10) update next given z next , next , and next ; (11) if next > then (12) updatez = z next and = next ; (13) if next > best then (14) u p d a t ez best = z next and best = next ; (15) end if (16) else (17) updatez = z next and = next with probability as the new BS location, where is a parameter. If z next yields a better payoff than z, the search proceeds with z next for the next iteration.…”

“…This paper studies the orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) [2] based private wireless access networks for SG. Actually, wireless technologies can be used in the grid for monitoring, metering, and data gathering [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Specifically, SG devices such as switching station, distribution circuit, and distributed energy sites will produce various information data and send them periodically to the base station (BS) to realize the automation of power distribution and electricity information acquisition.…”

Automatic tracking and positioning algorithm for moving targets in complex environment

“…The location result is not consistent with the actual location of the moving target. It has the problem of low location efficiency and inaccurate location result [1,4,6,13,14,19,26,27]. In this paper, an automatic tracking and positioning algorithm for moving targets in complex environment is proposed in this paper in order to solve the above problems.…”