“…With the development of anode materials for LIBs, the defects and advantages of various new materials are highlighted. Among all anode materials, silicon (Si) is particularly promising due to its extremely high theoretical capacity (∼4,200 mAh g −1 ), low discharge voltage, and natural abundance (Wen et al, 2013;Pan et al, 2015;Tang et al, 2015;Xie et al, 2015;Casimir et al, 2016;Wang and Yang, 2017;Yamaguchi et al, 2017;Zuo et al, 2017;Fang et al, 2019). However, Si as an anode material undergoes significant volume expansion during the Li + ion lithiation/delithiation process, leading to particle fracture and loss of capacity (Datta et al, 2011;Zhong et al, 2014;Huang et al, 2016;Jeong et al, 2016;Lin et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2016;Kim et al, 2017).…”