“…Ex situ approaches are based on preformation of the nanofillers, i.e. NPs, nanowires (NWs), nanotubes (NTs), and nanosheets (NSs), which are then integrated on the surface of the porous hosting material by dropcasting 26,27,31 or dip coating 8,21,22,24,25,29,32,[42][43][44] methods. These approaches permit fine-tuning of the size and morphology of the nanofillers through wet and vapor phase processes, though they suffer from sophisticated and costly preparation of the nanofillers, limited adhesion of the nanofillers to the polymer surfaces, severe aggregation at high concentrations, and uneven coating of the inner surfaces of the pore network.…”