“…Research has shown the presence of elevated concentrations of Pb in ora growing in nearby shooting ranges (Fayiga and Saha 2016). Due to extreme Pb concentrations of in soil, seed germination, the uptake of nutrient (Na, Ca, K, P, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu), chlorophyll content, plant growth, biomass decreased (Hadi and Aziz 2015;Gul et al 2020). Some heavy metals are essential for plant growth, but at high concentrations, they become toxic (e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), while others (e.g., Cd, Pb, Hg) are toxic even at low concentrations because they have no known physiological functions in plants (Boquete et al 2021).…”