Enhanced Properties of the Incorporation of a Novel Reactive Phosphorus- and Sulfur-Containing Flame-Retardant Monomer into Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Dai, Kang; Song, Lei; Yuen, Richard K.K.; Jiang, Saihua; Pan, Haifeng; Hu, Yuan

doi:10.1021/ie302106w

Cited by 53 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Dai et al [21] reported the efficiency of a sulfoxide and phosphate containing compound on polyester thermoset. Expecting the same effect in an epoxy thermoset, a thiol bearing a phosphonate group was used to partially or totally functionalize the epoxy functions of the P3EP.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Diethyl(3-mercaptopropyl)phosphonate (Sp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of biobased phosphorus-containing flame retardants for epoxy thermosets comparison of additive and reactive approaches

Ménard

Négrell

Ferry

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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a b s t r a c tThis study presents a two-steps synthesis of novel additive or reactive phosphorus-and-sulfur-containing flame retardants (P-FR) for epoxy thermosets. The first step consists in totally epoxydizing the phloroglucinol. Then, the epoxy functions grafted are partially or totally open by a thiol bearing a phosphonate group to obtain a reactive P-FR and an additive P-FR respectively. The two synthesized P-FR are then incorporated into a DGEBA-IPDA matrix according to an appropriate approach. The impact of these P-FR on glass transition temperature (Tg) is assessed by DSC. Tg values exhibit the plasticizing effect of the additive P-FR and the loss of epoxy functionality due to the incorporation of the reactive P-FR. The thermal properties of the prepared thermosets are characterized by TGA, showing the more efficient action of the reactive P-FR in condensed phase (charring). TGA-FTIR coupling show the presence of phosphorus-containing gases released during the thermal degradation but these P-containing gases have no radical scavenging action in the gas phase. PCFC analyses prove the similar flame retardant properties of the two P-FR by reducing significantly the pHRR, the THR and the EHC. The cone calorimeter tests exhibit a strong intumescent effect of the residue brought by the two P-FR, leading to insulating expanded residue.

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Section: Synthesis Of Diethyl(3-mercaptopropyl)phosphonate (Sp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of biobased phosphorus-containing flame retardants for epoxy thermosets comparison of additive and reactive approaches

Ménard

Négrell

Ferry

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…Mineral fillers such as aluminum trihydrate (ATH) are also effective FRs, but only at high loadings. This leads to high viscosities of the UP resin causing problems in processing and the deterioration of material properties …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic flame retardant interplay of phosphorus containing flame retardants with aluminum trihydrate depending on the specific surface area in unsaturated polyester resin

Reuter

Greiner

Schönberger

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The influence of the specific surface area of aluminum trihydrate (ATH) on the synergism to different phosphorus‐based flame retardants (FRs) in unsaturated polyester (UP) resin was investigated. Flammability and thermal stability of UP composites were evaluated with UL‐94 vertical burning, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry. The morphology of char residues was examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An interaction between crystalline ATH (4.5 m2 g−1) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) or zinc diethylphosphinate (DEPZn) was observed. When 37 wt % ATH and 8 wt % AHP or DEPZn were incorporated, samples passed V‐0 in UL‐94 tests. Furthermore, peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by introduction of phosphorus containing FRs compared to a formulation containing solely crystalline ATH. The incorporation of amorphous ATH (300 m2 g−1) leaded to lower UL‐94 ratings, using the same amount of AHP or DEPZn. In comparison to crystalline ATH, an addition of phosphorus containing FRs did not lead to a decrease of PHRR and THR for amorphous ATH. SEM of the residues showed that the combination of crystalline ATH with phosphorus species having hydrogen/carbon rich environment formed a dense and tough layer. The combination of crystalline ATH with phosphorus species providing oxygen rich environment gives fragile residues. An incorporation of amorphous ATH leaded to a fragile residue as well. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47270.

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“…Recently, phosphorus-containing compounds, as halogen-free flame retardants, have received considerable attention [6][7][8]. Generally, there are two methods used to prepare phosphorus UPR composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The investigation of flammability, thermal stability, heat resistance and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin using AlPi as flame retardant

Wang

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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The influence of aluminum dialkylphosphinate (AlPi) on the flammability, thermal properties and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) was investigated. A series of flame-retarded UPR loading with AlPi were prepared. The flammability and thermal stability of these UPR composites were investigated with limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning and themogravimetric analysis test. The structure and morphology of char residues were examined with Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, thermomechanical property of cured composites was characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the AlPi excellently improved the flame retardancy of UPR, the LOI increased from 21 to 29.5 with the increasing of AlPi and UPR-AlPi25 (25 %) passed V-0 classification. The char residue of UPR-AlPi25 at 700°C was 11.17 % in nitrogen and 20.83 % in oxygen, suggested that interaction between AlPi and UPR strengthened the char-formation ability and the thermal stability of the UPR/AlPi systems. The SEM showed that the surface of the char for UPR-AlPi25 was strong and dense and flexural fracture surfaces of UPR/ AlPi composites showed a homogeneous morphology. The DMA curve indicated the T g was greatly improved with the increasing of AlPi.

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Enhanced Properties of the Incorporation of a Novel Reactive Phosphorus- and Sulfur-Containing Flame-Retardant Monomer into Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Cited by 53 publications

References 36 publications

Synthesis of biobased phosphorus-containing flame retardants for epoxy thermosets comparison of additive and reactive approaches

Synthesis of biobased phosphorus-containing flame retardants for epoxy thermosets comparison of additive and reactive approaches

Synergistic flame retardant interplay of phosphorus containing flame retardants with aluminum trihydrate depending on the specific surface area in unsaturated polyester resin

The investigation of flammability, thermal stability, heat resistance and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin using AlPi as flame retardant

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