The use of renewable and clean energy is critically needed for the sustainability of our society since fossil fuels cause serious environmental problems. [ 1,2 ] Solar energy is undoubtedly a promising energy resource, but its use is limited by the low irradiance intensity (about 100 mW/cm 2 ), intermittence, and geographical heterogeneity. Photovoltaic systems have intrinsic limitation in solving these problems because of difficulties in the storage and transportation of electrical energy. In nature, solar energy is converted to chemical energy in green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria via photosynthesis. Enormous efforts have been made to develop an artifi cial photosynthetic system for the production of clean fuels by utilizing solar energy. [3][4][5][6] Water-splitting, however, is a highly challenging reaction because it requires multiple-electron transfer coupled with proton transfer at a minimum potential of 0.81 V versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) at pH 7 on average for each electron transfer. [ 7 ] Photosystems overcome this intrinsic limitation using sophisticated protein scaffolds for the optimization of the spatial arrangement of functional molecules, such as catalytic clusters (i.e., Mn complexes), redox relay molecules (i.e., quinone complexes), and chromophores (i.e., chlorophylls), as illustrated in Figure S1 in the Supporting Information. In particular, a well-defi ned spatial alignment of chromophores is critically important for effi cient excitation energy transfer (EET) to the reaction center, so that photosystems effectively generate a gradient of electrochemical potential for photosynthetic reactions. [ 8 ] Thus, it is highly desirable to construct artifi cial light-harvesting complexes for EET. However, the precise assembly of multiple chromophores with redox catalysts is technically very diffi cult, imposing limitations to EET for light-driven water-splitting. [9][10][11][12][13] Herein we report on the application of molecular selfassembly for photochemical water oxidation under visible light. Self-assembled biomolecular nanostructures can serve as a scaffold for the nanoscale arrangement of chromophores to generate a series of Förster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) events, which increases the delocalization of excitation energy toward catalysts for light-driven water oxidation. [14][15][16][17] Among various self-assembling biomolecules, diphenylalanine (Phe-Phe, FF) was chosen because it is the simplest amino acid motif that can produce unique nanostructures with structural fl exibility and molecular recognition capability. [18][19][20][21][22] The self-assembled FF nanostructures exhibited unparalleled optical, electrochemical, mechanical properties with high stability and biocompatibility. [23][24][25][26] Furthermore, the substitution of diphenylalanine with other amino acids (e.g., glycine) can induce the self-assembly of nanostructures having different properties, demonstrating that the functional set of molecules can be extended simply by the change of amino acids. [ 2...