Enhanced survival and accelerated perfusion of skin flap to recipient site following administration of human amniotic membrane in rat models

Amnion-derived hydrogels as a versatile platform for regenerative therapy: from lab to market

“…The basement membrane of AM is an appropriate matrix for encouraging the migration, adhesion, and differentiation of epithelial cells, which ultimately accelerates the re-epithelization of the wound site ( Nazanin et al, 2022 ). The expression of various growth factors, such as TGF-α, EGF, KGF, bFGF, HGF, and GF receptors, including KGF-R and HGF-R, play major roles in wound healing and tissue regeneration ( Koizumi et al, 2000 ).…”

Pharmacological and cell-based treatments to increase local skin flap viability in animal models

“…Two rounds of centrifugation to collect the layer with stromal cells, followed by flow cytometry cells sorting, induction of differentiation towards adipose cells by adipogenic substances Abundant reserves with higher proliferating ability, easy harvest, and low donor site morbidity Usually requires a long period of in-vitro expansion to produce a sufficient number of cells needed for transplantation Intradermal injection Rat random pattern skin flap Single post-operative injection into the middle dermis along the long axis of the skin flap Foroglou et al [ 76 ] Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell Isolation from bilateral femurs and tibias. Cells were then isolated using a strainer mesh, centrifugation, followed by a Ficoll-paque density gradient separation Direct transplantation without in vitro cell expansion, enhances angiogenic growth factors bGFG and VEGF Limited source Subcutaneous injection Rat random pattern skin flap Injected at 10 points along the axis of the flap from the base to the distant end 2 days pre-operatively Yang et al [ 73 ] Human amniotic membrane (h-AM) AMs were obtained from placentas at the time of elective cesarean sections from overall healthy donors Then, they were manually separated from the chorion, placed on the nitrocellulose membrane and cut into pieces small sheets MAMs: The AM sheets are homogenized into microparticles with macro homogenization, freeze dried and filtered through a metal mesh o obtain microparticles Cellular components with high tensile strength and tissue modeling power Transplantation of the amniotic membrane sheet (AMS) Smearing of micronized amniotic membrane (MAM) Rat random pattern skin flap AM sheet was transplanted into the flap site MAM was smeared into the wound surface Nazanin et al [ 74 ] Human umbilical cord matrix stem cells Human umbilical cords were obtained from a local obstetrician from full-term Caesarian section births. Umbilical arteries and veins were removed.…”

“…Tissue engineering approaches have also been applied to the field of cell-based therapies for skin flap survival, with a 2022 study by Nazanin et al exploring the use of placental amniotic membrane as a scaffold source to improve flap viability. From the amniotic membrane, researchers have studied the utility of amniotic membrane sheet (AMS) and micronized amniotic membrane (MAM) products, which contain human amniotic MSCs, a number of angiogenic growth factors, and ECM components to impart tensile strength [ 74 ]. While both products were found to be effective treatments to improve rat flap survival, each imparted different therapeutic benefits [ 74 ].…”

“…From the amniotic membrane, researchers have studied the utility of amniotic membrane sheet (AMS) and micronized amniotic membrane (MAM) products, which contain human amniotic MSCs, a number of angiogenic growth factors, and ECM components to impart tensile strength [ 74 ]. While both products were found to be effective treatments to improve rat flap survival, each imparted different therapeutic benefits [ 74 ]. Specifically, transplantation of MAM improved the organization of collagen tissue and angiogenesis rate, while AMS had more profound anti-inflammatory effects [ 74 ].…”

“…While both products were found to be effective treatments to improve rat flap survival, each imparted different therapeutic benefits [ 74 ]. Specifically, transplantation of MAM improved the organization of collagen tissue and angiogenesis rate, while AMS had more profound anti-inflammatory effects [ 74 ]. AMS treatment was also found to increase epithelialization of keratinocytes and the in-growth of fibroblasts during wound healing [ 74 ].…”