Objectives. Although the risk factors for diabetic neuropathy and diabetic foot ulcer have been detected, there was no practical modeling for their prediction. We aimed to design a logistic regression model on an Iranian dataset to predict the probability of experiencing diabetic foot ulcers up to a considered age in diabetic patients. Methods. The present study was a statistical modeling on a previously published dataset. The covariates were sex, age, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), insulin dependency, and statin use. The final model of logistic regression was designed through a manual stepwise method. To study the performance of the model, an area under receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve was reported. A scoring system was defined according to the beta coefficients to be used in logistic function for calculation of the probability. Results. The pretest probability for the outcome was 30.83%. The final model consisted of age ( β 1 = 0.133 ), BMI ( β 2 = 0.194 ), FBS ( β 3 = 0.011 ), HDL ( β 4 = − 0.118 ), and insulin dependency ( β 5 = 0.986 ) ( P < 0.1 ). The performance of the model was definitely acceptable ( AUC = 0.914 ). Conclusion. This model can be used clinically for consulting the patients. The only negative predictor of the risk is HDL cholesterol. Keeping the HDL level more than 50 (mg/dl) is strongly suggested. Logistic regression modeling is a simple and practical method to be used in the clinic.

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Introduction: American Diabetes Association updates its guideline every year. However this guideline can be changed for different populations based on their cultural and genetic status. Objectives: We intend to design a regional study in Lur and Lak populations of Iran using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve model. Patients and Methods: A total of 133 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients were enrolled in this study. The collected information for each patient were gender, age, body mass index (BMI), DM type, DM duration, fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profile, type of treatments, type of statin and dose, documented neuropathy, documented nephropathy, symptomatic retinopathy, peripheral vessel disease (PVD), documented cardiovascular disease (CVD), food ulcer history, dawn effect, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). ROC curve was used and area under curve (AUC) was reported. Results: For neuropathy, age was the most accurate diagnostic index (area under curve [AUC] = 79%). For nephropathy SBP was the most accurate diagnostic index (AUC= 88%). For symptomatic retinopathy DM duration was the most accurate diagnostic index (AUC= 81%). For PVD, HDL-C was the most accurate diagnostic index (reverse AUC= 67%). For CVD age was the most accurate diagnostic index (AUC= 81%). For foot ulcer history age was the most accurate diagnostic index (AUC= 85%). Conclusion: The final suggested guideline is like the international guidelines. However some unique points should be regarded. Blood pressure >165/110 mm Hg is diagnostic of diabetic nephropathy. Additionally serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) >48 mg/dL is strongly suggested.

Background:The pathophysiology underlying the progression and development of autoimmune conditions, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), is a result of dysregulations of the immune system. Research has explored the genetic alterations present in RA; however, limited studies have examined the role of Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules in RA. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine KIR genes, their HLA ligands, and KIR-HLA compounds in patients with RA. Methods: In this case-control study, a total of 50 patients with RA and 100 healthy individuals were enrolled. DNA samples were evaluated using PCR with sequence specific Primers (PCR-SSP). Odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. Results: Among the KIR genes examined, KIR2DLA (p= 0.0255, OR= 0.389, 95% CI= 0.210-0.722) and KIR2DS4-full (p< 0.0001, OR= 6.163, 95% CI= 3.174-11.968) were observed to have a statistically significant correlation with disease susceptibility to RA. As an inhibitory gene, KIR2DLA was observed to have a protective effect against RA while KIR2DS4-full as an activating gene, was found to increase risk for RA. No significant associations were found between any of the other KIR genotypes, HLA ligands, or KIR-HLA compounds examined in this study to RA susceptibility. Conclusions: In this study of RA in the Lur population of Iran, KIR2DS4-full was observed to increase susceptibility to RA, while KIR2DL5A was found to act as a protecting factor based on both the cross Table and regression analyses. Further research should focus on repeating this study in additional populations.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide. Diabetes has been suggested as an important risk factor for tuberculosis. To date, few studies have examined the association between diabetes and tuberculosis. In this study, the prevalence of latent tuberculosis in diabetic patients was investigated. Methods: In this study, 195 patients with type 2 diabetes were studied in a cross-sectional study to diagnose latent tuberculosis infection with a tuberculin skin test. Individuals with symptoms of active tuberculosis were excluded from the study, and individuals with a positive tuberculin test were evaluated for active tuberculosis by chest x-ray. For analyzing the data, SPSS software version 16 was run, a t-test was used to analyze quantitative variables, and for qualitative variables, Chi-square was applied.  The significance level of 0.05 was considered for all the results. Results: Out of 195 diabetic patients, 115 patients were referred for tuberculin test results. 43 out of 115 patients (37.39%) had an induration diameter greater than or equal to 5 mm, 29 patients (25.21%) had an induration diameter greater than or equal to 8 mm, and 3 patients (2.61%) had an induration diameter greater than or equal to 10 mm (Positive tuberculin test) (p>0.05). Conclusion: False tuberculin skin test results can hide the true prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection. The sensitivity of the tuberculin test decreases in immunocompromised patients and leads to limitations in assessing the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection. Although not enough information was available in this study to establish a significant association between diabetes and latent tuberculosis infection, further studies will help to investigate this association.