Enhancement of chemiluminescence associated with lipid peroxidation by rhodamine dyes

Assessing Photosensitized Membrane Damage: Available Tools and Comprehensive Mechanisms†

“…presence of transition metal ions), two lipid peroxyl radicals (LOO•) can react with each other leading to the formation of nonradical species or nonpropagating radical species along with light emission (Figs. 1B and 2G), in a process called chemiluminescence (CL) (19,97). This phenomenon is often explained based on the Russell's reaction, in which 1 O 2 and triplet carbonyl compounds formed in the reaction are responsible for photon emissions (98), although this mechanism is not well proven in natural or mimetic membranes, and different mechanisms involving other radical species cannot be discarded.…”

“…Moreover, these molecules can react selectively with certain types of hydroperoxides, aiding in the identification of the free radicals involved in the reaction (Fig. 2G) (97). Eosin, luminol, dibromoanthracene, rhodamines and cytochrome c are examples of CL enhancers (97,99).…”

“…2G) (97). Eosin, luminol, dibromoanthracene, rhodamines and cytochrome c are examples of CL enhancers (97,99). As a consequence, lipid hydroperoxides can be detected by a HPLC chemiluminescence method, where they are separated at the stationary phase and then react with luminol, or another compound added to the eluent, catalyzed by an enzyme.…”

“…CL assays represent a noninvasive and very sensitive method capable of monitoring real-time changes in complex environments. These are important parameters that are not always contemplated in other analyses (19,97,(99)(100)(101). Still, some biological compounds, buffers, solvents, pH and additives, such as antioxidants, might interfere in the results (99,102).…”

Chemiluminescence as a method for detection and study of free radicals in biological systems

“…Activators of CL in LPO have been described long ago [1], but their efficiency was poor and, importantly, these were not physical activators, but chemiluminogenic samples, such as luminol [27]. The first very effective activator was rhodamine G [23], which was then used for studies of Fe 2+ -induced plasma CL ( Table 1). The most potent activators are europium complex with chlortetracycline and coumarine C-525 dye [19,26].…”