Enhancement of fetal rat limb bone resorption by phorbol ester (PMA) and ionophore A-23187

The protein kinase C (PKC) enzyme family consists of at least 11 isozymes in three classes, with characteristic tissue distributions. Phorbol esters activate and ultimately down-regulate phorbol-sensitive isozymes. PKC is a signal transducer in bone, and phorbol esters influence bone resorption. Little is known about specific PKC isozymes in this tissue, however. We describe here the expression and phorbol ester-induced down-regulation of PKC isozymes in osteoblasts. Normal mouse osteoblasts and seven osteoblastic cell lines (rat UMR-106, ROS 17/2.8, ROS 24/1, and human MG-63, G-292, SaOS-2, HOS-TE85) were screened for isozyme expression by Western immunoblotting using isozyme-specific anti-PKC antibodies. The conventional alpha and beta I isozymes, but not gamma, were present in each of the osteoblasts examined; PKC-beta II was detectable in all but the ROS 24/1 line. PKC-epsilon was expressed in all osteoblasts screened, but other novel PKCs, delta, eta, and theta, were detectable only in select lines. The atypical zeta and iota/lambda PKCs were in all osteoblasts examined. To determine the sensitivity of the isozymes to prolonged phorbol ester treatment, normal osteoblasts and the UMR-106 cell line were treated with vehicle or 1 microM phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDB) for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h, and Western blot analysis was performed. Normal and UMR-106 cells showed similar phorbol sensitivities; conventional (alpha, beta I) and novel (delta, epsilon, eta) isozymes were down-regulated by prolonged phorbol treatment but atypical isozymes were not. Down-regulation of all sensitive PKCs was detectable within 6 h of phorbol treatment; the novel delta and epsilon isozymes, however, showed more rapid and dramatic down-regulation than conventional isozymes. The observed down-regulation was dose-dependent (0.3-3 microM) and specific; 48 h treatment with the inactive phorbol, 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4 alpha-PDD), failed to down-regulate PDB-sensitive isozymes. The phorbol-induced down-regulation was also reversible; 24 h after withdrawing PDB, all phorbol-sensitive isozymes, except PKC-eta, had recovered at least partially. These studies, the first to characterize thoroughly PKC isozyme expression in osteoblastic cells from several species, demonstrate that osteoblasts have a characteristic PKC isozyme profile, including both phorbol ester-sensitive and -insensitive isozymes. The time course of down-regulation and the presence of phorbol-insensitive PKCs must be considered in interpreting the effects of phorbol esters on bone remodeling.

Section: Pkc Isozymes In Osteoblastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and phorbol ester–induced down-regulation of protein kinase C isozymes in osteoblasts

Sanders

Stern

1996

“…DAG is a small molecule and it cannot be targeted by traditional genetic knockout approaches. So far pharmacological approaches using the synthetic DAG analog, phorbol ester myristate (PMA), or exogenous DAG species have revealed conflicting results regarding bone resorption and OC formation . Considering that increased DAG levels are observed in conditions associated with bone loss, understanding the direct effects of DAG on the skeleton is mandatory, but it requires an animal model of altered DAG metabolism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ (DGKζ) Is a Critical Regulator of Bone Homeostasis Via Modulation of c-Fos Levels in Osteoclasts

Zamani

Decker

Cremasco

et al. 2015

Increased diacylglycerol (DAG) levels are observed in numerous pathologies, including conditions associated with bone loss. However, the effects of DAG accumulation on the skeleton have never been directly examined. Because DAG is strictly controlled by tissue specific diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), we sought to examine the biological consequences of DAG accumulation on bone homeostasis by genetic deletion of DGKζ, a highly expressed DGK isoform in osteoclasts (OCs). Strikingly, DGKζ−/− mice are osteoporotic due to a marked increase in OC numbers. In vitro, DGKζ−/− bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) form more numerous, larger and highly resorptive OCs. Surprisingly, while increased DAG levels do not alter RANK/RANKL osteoclastogenic pathway, DGKζ deficiency increases responsiveness to the proliferative and pro-survival cytokine M-CSF. We find that M-CSF is responsible for increased DGKζ−/− OC differentiation by promoting higher expression of the transcription factor c-Fos, and c-Fos knockdown in DGKζ−/− cultures dose-dependently reduces OC differentiation. Using a c-Fos luciferase reporter assay lacking the TRE responsive element, we also demonstrate that M-CSF induces optimal c-Fos expression through DAG production. Finally, to demonstrate the importance of the M-CSF/DGKζ/DAG axis on regulation of c-Fos during osteoclastogenesis, we turned to PLCγ2+/− BMMs, which have reduced DAG levels and form fewer OCs due to impaired expression of the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis NFATc1 and c-Fos. Strikingly, genetic deletion of DGKζ in PLCγ2+/− mice rescues OC formation and normalizes c-Fos levels without altering NFATc1 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first report implicating M-CSF/DGKζ/DAG axis as a critical regulator of bone homeostasis via its actions on OC differentiation and c-Fos expression.

“…After binding to a single receptor, PTH exerts its biological action via dual signal transduction systems, (13) i.e., the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway (14) and the calcium/protein kinase C (Ca 2+ /PKC) pathway (13,15) . Although the pharmacological activation of either pathway can stimulate bone resorption, (16,17) a recent study demonstrated that PTH‐stimulated IL‐6 production is principally mediated by the PKA pathway (5) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Different Second Messengers in Parathyroid Hormone– and Interleukin-1–Induced Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-11 Production in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Kim

Choi

et al. 1997

Previous studies have suggested that increased secretion of bone active cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-11 (IL-11), from osteoblasts and stromal cells play a pivotal role in the activation of osteoclasts and the genesis of osteoporosis. Various systemic and local factors can stimulate IL-6/IL-11 production, but the intracellular mechanism for such stimulation is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the second messenger signaling in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-and IL-1-induced production of IL-6/IL-11 and studied the possible