Enhancement of Immune Activity of the Extracts from Codonopsis lanceolata by Stepwise Steaming Process and High Pressure Process

Rice bran, a by-product of the rice dehulling process, contains bioactive polysaccharides which have immunomodulatory activity. We prepared fermented rice bran with Lentinus edodes mycelia [Erom's fermented rice bran (EFR)] to extract the polysaccharides and improve the immune-enhancing properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo immunostimulatory effects of EFR on mouse macrophages and splenocytes. We investigated the effects of EFR on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines using the Griess assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cytokines in RAW264.7 cells was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Additionally, peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes were isolated from C57/BL6 mice. The macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and splenocyte proliferation were determined using a lysosomal acid phosphatase assay and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, respectively. In vitro studies showed that EFR significantly increased the production of NO and cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α], and up-regulated the mRNA expression of iNOS and cytokines in RAW264.7 cells. Ex vivo studies revealed that EFR increased splenocyte proliferation and lysosomal enzyme activity of peritoneal macrophages. These findings indicate that EFR could enhance immunity by inducing macrophage activation and splenocyte proliferation. Therefore, EFR has potential as a source material for functional foods that boost the immune system.

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Immune-Enhancing Effects of Angelica gigas Nakai Extract and Fermented Angelica gigas Nakai Extract via the Activations of MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in RAW264.7 Cells

Jeong¹,

Lee²

2023

JKFN

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Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is mainly grown in Asia and has been used as a medicinal plant. AGN has been reported to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, and to improve cognition. Recently, polysaccharides isolated from AGN and a natural product mixture containing AGN have been shown to have immunostimulatory effects. However, the effect of AGN single extracts has not been explored. Here, we investigated the immune-enhancing effects of whole AGN extract (ANE) in RAW264.7 cells (a mouse macrophage cell line) and examined whether yeast-fermented AGN extracts (FAN) might increase the effects of ANE. When RAW264.7 cells were treated with ANE or FAN, nitric oxide release, inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels, and the mRNA levels of immune-related cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and interleukin-12 were increased. Moreover, we found that the upregulation of immune modulators by AGN is associated with the activations of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways via the phosphorylation of signaling molecules. These results suggest that AGN has the potential to boost the immune system. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the immunostimulatory effects of AGN.

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Enhancement of Immune Activity of the Extracts from Codonopsis lanceolata by Stepwise Steaming Process and High Pressure Process

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Immunostimulatory and Antioxidant Activities of Steamed Garlic Grown in Different Countries

Immunostimulatory and Antioxidant Activities of Steamed Garlic Grown in Different Countries

Immunostimulatory Effect of Rice Bran Fermented by Lentinus edodes Mycelia on Mouse Macrophages and Splenocytes

Immune-Enhancing Effects of Angelica gigas Nakai Extract and Fermented Angelica gigas Nakai Extract via the Activations of MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in RAW264.7 Cells

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