“…Teachers can use smartphones to develop innovative and communicative learning media such as Mobile Game-Based Learning (MGBL) (Bartel & Hagel, 2014;Troussas et al, 2020). Mobile learning using Mobile Game-Based Learning (MGBL) as a learning medium can create meaningful learning by exposing players to adaptive challenges, curiosity, self-expression, discovery, direct feedback, clear goals, player control, immersion, collaboration, competition, rewards, and low-risk failure failure (Chen & Hsu, 2020;Kim et al, 2012;Kusuma, Suryapranata, & Utomo, 2021). All design elements in Mobile Game-Based Learning align with established learning theories such as social constructivism and flow theory.…”