“…Current developments in the area of (improved) FMD vaccine types are based on: understanding the innate and cellular immune parameters (Barnard et al., 2005); induction of mucosal immunity (Summerfield et al., 2004); improving adjuvancy (Smitsaart et al., 2004); FMDV recombinant proteins (Wang et al., 2003), fusion proteins (Sun et al., 2003; Li et al., 2004) or proteins expressed in plants (Dus Santos et al., 2005); chimeric marker vaccines (Baranowski et al., 2001; Van Rensburg and Mason, 2002); consensus sequence peptides (Wang et al., 2002, 2004; Hohlich et al., 2003; Rodriguez et al., 2003; Beignon et al., 2005); vector‐based approaches that express part or all of the FMD empty capsid and/or cytokines, such as interferon‐alpha (Berinstein et al., 2000; Moraes et al., 2003, 2007; Pacheco et al., 2005; de Avila Botton et al., 2006); DNA vaccination strategies including protein Ag boost (Shao et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006) or the use of FMDV minigenes (Borrego et al., 2006); cytokine and Toll‐like receptor mRNAs in the nasal‐associated lymphoid tissues (Zhang et al., 2006). It often takes 5–10 years before a research idea makes its way to a commercial product.…”