Nanoemulsions
are kinetically stable biphasic dispersion of two
immiscible liquids typically stabilized by an emulsifier with droplet
sizes in the range of 10–200 nm. Present work deals with the
formulation and characterization of stable oil-in-water nanoemulsions
using nonionic surfactant (Tween 40) and light mineral oil for their
application in enhanced oil recovery. The stability study of the nanoemulsions
formed by high energy and low energy method was accomplished by bottle
testing method. The emulsions were characterized in terms of droplet
size, morphology and inner structure, surface charge, interfacial
tension, and rheology. Droplet sizes of 18–31 nm obtained by
dynamic light scattering analysis and surface charge values above
−35 mV obtained by ζ potential measurement prove the
higher kinetic stability of the formed emulsions. Cryo-TEM micrographs
reveal the surface morphology and inner structure of nanoemulsions.
A miscibility test was performed to determine the dissolving ability
of the nanoemulsions with crude oil. Measurement of interfacial tension
(IFT) by pendant drop method shows a considerable reduction in IFT
values with the increase of surfactant concentration and temperature,
which is highly desirable for recovering trapped oil from the fine
pores of the reservoirs. The viscosity of the nanoemulsions remains
stable at a wide temperature (30–70 °C) range, denoting
its thermal stability. The viscoelastic property of prepared nanoemulsions
shows the increase of storage modulus (G′)
and loss modulus (G″) with the increase in
surfactant concentration and angular frequency (rad/s). Specific frequency
(SF), the crossover point of G′ and G″, indicates the transition between elastic and
viscous phases of nanoemulsions. A stable value of loss modulus after
SF denotes better flowability of the emulsion. To test the efficiency
of nanoemulsion in enhanced oil recovery, flooding experiment was
performed by injection of a small pore volume of emulsion slug in
a sand pack system, and an additional recovery of 28.94% was obtained
after conventional water flooding.