Enhancing performance of Li4Ti5O12 nanowire with addition of graphite and ZnO nanoparticle as anode for lithium-ion batteries

Bachtiar, A. R.; Syahrial, Anne Zulfia; Nugraha, M. R.; Faizah,; Subhan, Achmad; Priyono, Bambang

doi:10.1063/5.0001712

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…They can be classified according to their dimensionality from 0D to 3D architectures (see Table 1 ): 0D-LTO nanomaterials include nanoparticles [ 97 , 103 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 ], nanocrystals [ 120 , 121 ], nanospheres [ 39 ], and hollow spheres [ 85 ]. 1D LTO nanomaterials are composed of nanorods [ 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 ], nanowires [ 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 ], nanofibers [ 95 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 ], nanotubes [ 54 , 141 ], nanoflakes [ 142 ], and nanobelts [ 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 ]. 2D LTO nanomaterials encompass nanosheets [ 136 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 ], nanoplates [ 152 ], and wave-like structures [ 153 ].…”

Section: Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can be classified according to their dimensionality from 0D to 3D architectures (see Table 1): 0D-LTO nanomaterials include nanoparticles [97,103,[116][117][118][119], nanocrystals [120,121], nanospheres [39], and hollow spheres [85]. 1D LTO nanomaterials are composed of nanorods [122][123][124][125][126][127], nanowires [128][129][130][131][132], nanofibers [95,[133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140], nanotubes [54,141], nanoflakes [142], and nanobelts [143][144][145][146].…”

Section: Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Julien,

Mauger

2024

Micromachines

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The most popular anode material in commercial Li-ion batteries is still graphite. However, its low intercalation potential is close to that of lithium, which results in the dendritic growth of lithium at its surface, and the formation of a passivation film that limits the rate capability and may result in safety hazards. High-performance anodes are thus needed. In this context, lithium titanite oxide (LTO) has attracted attention as this anode material has important advantages. Due to its higher lithium intercalation potential (1.55 V vs. Li+/Li), the dendritic deposition of lithium is avoided, and the safety is increased. In addition, LTO is a zero-strain material, as the volume change upon lithiation-delithiation is negligible, which increases the cycle life of the battery. Finally, the diffusion coefficient of Li+ in LTO (2 × 10−8 cm2 s−1) is larger than in graphite, which, added to the fact that the dendritic effect is avoided, increases importantly the rate capability. The LTO anode has two drawbacks. The energy density of the cells equipped with LTO anode is lower compared with the same cells with graphite anode, because the capacity of LTO is limited to 175 mAh g−1, and because of the higher redox potential. The main drawback, however, is the low electrical conductivity (10−13 S cm−1) and ionic conductivity (10−13–10−9 cm2 s−1). Different strategies have been used to address this drawback: nano-structuration of LTO to reduce the path of Li+ ions and electrons inside LTO, ion doping, and incorporation of conductive nanomaterials. The synthesis of LTO with the appropriate structure and the optimized doping and the synthesis of composites incorporating conductive materials is thus the key to achieving high-rate capability. That is why a variety of synthesis recipes have been published on the LTO-based anodes. The progress in the synthesis of LTO-based anodes in recent years is such that LTO is now considered a substitute for graphite in lithium-ion batteries for many applications, including electric cars and energy storage to solve intermittence problems of wind mills and photovoltaic plants. In this review, we examine the different techniques performed to fabricate LTO nanostructures. Details of the synthesis recipes and their relation to electrochemical performance are reported, allowing the extraction of the most powerful synthesis processes in relation to the recent experimental results.

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