“…[49,52,56] Another strategy to obtain a large barrier height is through the pinch-off effect, where a high barrier electrolyte or oxide can compensate for low barrier electrocatalytic metal nanoparticles. [29,32,34,40,41,57] Previous reports have also demonstrated that the insulator layer can serve as a passivation layer to remove defects and minimize barrier height losses from Fermi level pinning. [50,51,53] Furthermore, several studies have shown that annealing is an effective method to further passivate interfacial defects and improve the photovoltage.…”