Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Glass-Ionomer Dental Cements: A Review

Abstract

This paper reviews the strategies that have been reported in the literature to attempt to reinforce glass-ionomer dental cements, both conventional and resin-modified. These cements are widely used in current clinical practice, but their use is limited to regions where loading is not high. Reinforcement might extend these applications, particularly to the posterior dentition. A variety of strategies have been identified, including the use of fibres, nanoparticles, and larger particle additives. One problem revealed by the literature survey is the limited extent to which researchers have used International Standard test methods. This makes comparison of results very difficult. However, it does seem possible to draw conclusions from this substantial body of work and these are (1) that powders with conventional particle sizes do not reinforce glass-ionomer cements, (2) certain fibres and certain nanoparticles give distinct improvements in strength, and (3) in the case of the nanoparticles these improvements are associated with differences in the morphology of the cement matrix, in particular, a reduction in the porosity. Despite these improvements, none of the developments has yet been translated into clinical use.

Dental Restorative Materials for Elderly Populations

“…Therefore, the self-adhesive properties of glass ionomer are advantageous in the treatment of caries in the elderly. The mechanical properties of conventional glass ionomers are the worst among all [ 42 ]. The hardness and long-term wear of modified high-viscosity glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer are far lower than the conventional ones [ 43 ].…”

Kinetics of ion release from a conventional glass-ionomer cement

“…Applications include as liners and bases, full restorative materials, luting cements, pit and fissure sealants, and orthodontic adhesives [1,2]. In their conventional version, they are prepared by reaction of special basic glass powders with aqueous solutions of polymeric acids, such as poly(acrylic acid), acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer, or the copolymer of 2methylene butanedioic acid with propenoic acid [3]. They are also available as resin-modified materials, where there is an additional monomer, usually 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.…”

Effects of Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Mechanical Properties of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements

“… 31 Studying scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the addition of nanoparticles reduced porosity, with no differences between the materials. 22 Therefore, it seems that the addition of BCNCs can fill spaces in the defects and impede the dissemination of previously present pores by blocking their paths, which in turn stops the pores from forming cracks and improves the DTS of RMGICs. It has been shown that an improvement in this property is hardly achievable in GICs.…”

“…Although several studies have been performed to investigate various mechanical properties of RMGICs, 19 20 21 22 no research has been conducted to assess the effect of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) on mechanical properties of RMGICs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BCNCs in three volumetric masses of 0.3, 0.5, and 1 wt% on the mechanical properties of RMGICs.…”