Enhancing the safety management of NATM using the tunnel seismic prediction method: a case study

Recognition of Tunnel Fracture Zones in Seismic Waves and Ground-Penetrating Radar Data

“…Figure 5b presents the frequency-wavenumber domain image of the seismic channel signal, where horizontal lines represent intercepted frequency ranges. The diagonal line signifies the apparent velocity calculated by Equation (7). The region delineated by the reflected wave energy cluster is identified by contrasting the direct and reflected wave signals.…”

“…These fracture zones were characterized on a scale corresponding to seismic exploration waves. In 2020, Hong Kee Tzou et al [7] applied a seismic wave advanced prediction method to tunnel detection, identified unstable areas, and successfully detected and verified the positions of river faults and fracture zones. In 2023, Wang et al [8] proposed a 3c-3d tunnel seismic imaging method using acoustic wave equations for forward and backward wave field extrapolation.…”

Data acquisition-interpretation-aggregation for dynamic design of rock tunnel support

“…Moreover, the calculation of the RMR value of the rock mass using TSP data, e.g. P-and S-wave velocity, wave magnitude, wave depth and direction, has been carried out by several studies [83][84][85], where the rock bolts, shotcrete and steel sets can be determined directly according to the different RMR values. In addition to the characterization of rock masses, TSP has also been integrated with stability analysis to provide a guidance for support design.…”