Enrichment of calcium in sea spray aerosol in the Arctic summer atmosphere

Supplementary material to "Enrichment of calcium in sea spray aerosol through bulk measurements and individual particle analysis during the R/V Xuelong cruise over the Ross Sea, Antarctica"

“…Other single-particle types involving K + (m/z 39) and Mg 2+ (m/z 24) also exhibited some characteristic organic peaks (e.g., in SS-Bio). (iii) K + and Mg 2+ are also greatly capable of stabilizing organic supramolecular structures in the form of organic ligands (i.e., marine microgels) (Gaston et al, 2011;Cochran et al, 2016;Mukherjee et al, 2020). Based on the above discussion, we therefore suggest that internally mixed potassium and magnesium organics contribute to corresponding enrichment in SSAs.…”

“…The quantitative results concluded by IGAC verify the enrichment of Ca 2+ , K + , and Mg 2+ in the SSAs and subsequently reveal their dependence on and relevance to the environmental factors. Previous studies have shown increasing Ca 2+ enrichment in SSAs below 1 μm (Oppo et al, 1999;Hara et al, 2012;Cochran et al, 2016;Salter et al, 2016;Mukherjee et al, 2020). Thus, the individual particle analysis of particle types ranging in size from 0.2 to 2 μm is very appropriate for revealing the calcium distribution in SSAs.…”

Enrichment of calcium in sea spray aerosol through bulk measurements and individual particle analysis during the R/V Xuelong cruise over the Ross Sea, Antarctica

“…Leck and Svensson (2015) suggested that Ca 2+ enrichment in SSA is attributed to bubble bursts on sea ice leads within the sea ice over the Arctic area. Similarly, low wind-driven bubble bursts were regarded as a major reason for the Ca 2+ enrichment in SSA during an Arctic cruise (Mukherjee et al, 2020). These results have greatly improved the understanding of the processes contributing to Ca 2+ enrichment; however, our The enrichment extent of calcium and its chemical form in SSA have been deduced with water-soluble Ca 2+ .…”

“…Calcium is one of the components of SSA, which can present as inorganic calcium (e.g., CaCl2 and CaSO4) (Chi et al, 2015) as well as organic calcium (i.e., the most efficient gelling agent) (Quinn et al, 2015;Bertram et al, 2018;Carter-Fenk et al, 2021). The extent of enrichment and chemical signature of calcium may affect some physicochemical properties of SSA such as alkalinity and hygroscopicity (Salter et al, 2016;Mukherjee et al, 2020), which is critical for understanding aerosol-cloud interactions over the remote marine boundary layer (Keene et al, 2007;Leck and Svensson, 2015;Bertram et al, 2018).…”

“…A growing number of studies have shown that calcium (Ca 2+ ) is significantly enriched in SSA relative to bulk seawater (Table S1) (Keene et al, 2007;Hara et al, 2012;Cochran et al, 2016;Salter et al, 2016;Cravigan et al, 2020;Mukherjee et al, 2020). For example, Hara et al (2012) found that the Ca 2+ enrichment of aerosol samples was sensitive to sea salt fractionation during the cold winter-spring season over the Antarctic coast.…”