Enrichment of nickel and cobalt in natural hard water by Donnan dialysis

Electrodialytic removal of fluoride from water: Effects of process parameters and accompanying anions

“…The same explanation in Section 3.4 can be used for the lower driving efficiency of the sulphate ion. Some authors have studied the role of the receiver electrolyte in optimizing the Donnan dialysis of feed monovalent cations and anions [47]. They have demonstrated that the receiver electrolyte would be selected to minimize the association between the fixed sites and the driving ions.…”