“…At a research level, forecasting of volcanic clouds using ensemble-based approaches has been considered in several models including, for example, ASH3D (Denlinger et al, 2012a;Denlinger et al, 2012b), COSMO-ART (Vogel et al, 2014), HYSPLIT (Dare et al, 2016;Zidikheri et al, 2018;Pardini et al, 2020), NAME (Dacre and Harvey, 2018;Beckett et al, 2020), FALL3D (Osores et al, 2020) or, more recently, even tackling multi-model ensemble approaches (Plu et al, 2021). Despite promising results, implementations at operational level are still limited to a few cases, e.g.…”