Entanglement swapping of generalized cat states and secret sharing

Karimipour, Vahid; Bahraminasab, Alireza; Bagherinezhad, Saber

doi:10.1103/physreva.65.042320

Cited by 224 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Since a pioneering QSS scheme was proposed by Hillery, Bužek and Berthiaume in 1999 by using a three-particle or a four-particle entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state for sharing a classical information, called HBB99 customarily for short, there has been a lot of works focused on QSS in both theoretical [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] and experimental [28,29] aspects. Almost all the existing QSS protocols can be attributed to the two types according to their goals.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…some users [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23], and the other is used to split a secret including a classical one [13,14,15,16,17] or a quantum one [23,24,25,26,27]. Recently, Zhang, Li and Man [23] proposed a multiparty quantum secret sharing (MQSS) protocol for splitting a classical secret message among three parties, say Alice, Bob and Charlie with single photons following some ideas from the Ref.…”

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Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against Trojan horse attack

et al. 2005

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We analyzed the security of the multiparty quantum secret sharing (MQSS) protocol recently proposed by Zhang, Li and Man [Phys. Rev. A 71, 044301 (2005)] and found that this protocol is secure for any other eavesdropper except for the agent Bob who prepares the quantum signals as he can attack the quantum communication with a Trojan horse. That is, Bob replaces the singlephoton signal with a multi-photon one and the other agent Charlie cannot find this cheating as she does not measure the photons before they runs back from the boss Alice, which reveals that this MQSS protocol is not secure for Bob. Finally, we present a possible improvement of the MQSS protocol security with two single-photon measurements and six unitary operations.PACS numbers: 03.67. Dd, 03.67.Hk, 03.65.Ta, 89.70.+c In classical secret sharing [1], the boss, say Alice divides her secret message into two pieces and sends them to her two agents, Bob and Charlie who are at remote place, respectively, for her business. Bob and Charlie can reconstruct the secret if and only if they collaborate. That is M A = M B ⊕ M C , here M A , M B and M C are the messages hold by Alice, Bob and Charlie, respectively. The advantage of secret sharing is that one of the two agents can keep the other one from doing any damage when they both appear in the process for the business. As classical signal is in one of the eigenstates of an operator, say σ z , it can be copied freely and fully without leaving a track. Quantum mechanics provides some novel ways for message transmitting securely, such as quantum key distribution [2,3,4,5,6], quantum secure direct communication [7,8,9,10], quantum dense coding [11,12], and so on.Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is an important branch of quantum cryptography [2] and it is the generalization of classical secret sharing into quantum scenario [13,14]. Since a pioneering QSS scheme was proposed by Hillery, Bužek and Berthiaume in 1999 by using a three-particle or a four-particle entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state for sharing a classical information, called HBB99 customarily for short, there has been a lot of works focused on QSS in both theoretical [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] and experimental [28,29] aspects. Almost all the existing QSS protocols can be attributed to the two types according to their goals. One is used to distribute a common key among * E-mail addresses: fgdeng@bnu.edu.cn † Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: zjzhang@ahu.edu.cn.some users [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23], and the other is used to split a secret including a classical one [13,14,15,16,17] or a quantum one [23,24,25,26,27]. Recently, Zhang, Li and Man [23] proposed a multiparty quantum secret sharing (MQSS) protocol for splitting a classical secret message among three parties, say Alice, Bob and Charlie with single photons following some ideas from the Ref. [9]. In this paper, we will show that the Zhang-Li-Man MQSS protocol can be eavesdropped by the agent Bob who prepares the quantum signals with a Trojan hors...

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Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against Trojan horse attack

et al. 2005

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“…Gottesman showed that the size of each important share sometimes can be made half of the size of the secret if quantum states are used to share a classical secret [7]. The secret sharing protocol among n parties based on entanglement swapping of d-level cat states and Bell states was introduced by Karimipour et al [8]. Guo et al proposed a secret sharing scheme utilizing product states instead of entangled states and thus the efficiency is improved to approach 100% [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiquantum secret sharing using entangled states

2010

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Secret sharing is a procedure for sharing a secret among a number of participants such that only the qualified subsets of participants have the ability to reconstruct the secret. Even in the presence of eavesdropping, secret sharing can be achieved when all the members are quantum. So what happens if not all the members are quantum? In this paper we propose two semi-quantum secret sharing protocols using maximally entangled GHZ-type states in which quantum Alice shares a secret with two classical parties, Bob and Charlie, in a way that both parties are sufficient to obtain the secret, but one of them cannot. The presented protocols are also showed to be secure against eavesdropping.

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“…In the past few years, there have been many studies on higher-dimensional QKD protocols. The QKD using four-level systems were done first [13,14], and interests soon extended to the d-dimensional case [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Most of these studies, however, focused on the 2-basis and the (d + 1)-basis cases, and the research on the most general case is still absent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

General quantum key distribution in higher dimension

et al. 2012

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We study a general quantum key distribution protocol in higher dimension. In this protocol, quantum states in arbitrary g + 1 (1 ≤ g ≤ d) out of all d + 1 mutually unbiased bases in a d-dimensional system can be used for the key encoding. This provides a natural generalization of the quantum key distribution in higher dimension and recovers the previously known results for g = 1 and d. In our investigation, we study Eve's attack by two slightly different approaches. One is considering the optimal cloner for Eve, and the other, defined as the optimal attack, is maximizing Eve's information. We derive results for both approaches and show the deviation of the optimal cloner from the optimal attack. With our systematic investigation of the quantum key distribution protocols in higher dimension, one may balance the security gain and the implementation cost by changing the number of bases in the key encoding. As a side product, we also prove the equivalency between the optimal phase covariant quantum cloning machine and the optimal cloner for the g = d − 1 quantum key distribution.

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Entanglement swapping of generalized cat states and secret sharing

Cited by 224 publications

References 33 publications

Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against Trojan horse attack

Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against Trojan horse attack

Semiquantum secret sharing using entangled states

General quantum key distribution in higher dimension

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