ENTERIC PATHOGENS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN TURKEY VULTURES (<i>CATHARTES AURA</i>) FEEDING AT THE WILDLIFE–LIVESTOCK INTERFACE

Sulzner, Kate; Kelly, T. Ross; Smith, Woutrina A.; Johnson, Christine K.

doi:10.1638/2012-0217.1

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…S. enterica colonize the intestinal tract and have been isolated from wild birds with or without clinical signs of disease [43]. In our study, S. enterica comprised 1-2% of bacterial species detected in all three avian scavengers In other research, S. enterica sampled from the feces of scavenging birds ranged from 1% to 20% by isolation [44–46]. Differences in prevalence between isolation and detection by meta-analysis may be due to the stability of the DNA molecule that can be amplified even when the target organism is no longer viable.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Bacterial Diversity in Feces of Wild Bald Eagles, Turkey Vultures and Common Ravens from the Pacific Northwest Coast, U.S.A

Crespo

Dowd²,

Varland³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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RC) 28 29 30 ¶ These authors contributed equally to this work. 2 31 Abstract 32Birds harbor diverse microorganisms in their guts, which collectively fulfill important 33 roles in providing their hosts with nutrition and protection from pathogens. Although numerous 34 studies have investigated the presence of certain pathogenic bacteria in the feces of wild birds, 35 only a few have attempted to investigate the microbiota of the gut. This study analyzed the avian 36 bacteria present in the cloaca of avian scavengers captured on coastal beaches of Washington and 37 Oregon between 2013 and 2015: 10 turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), 9 bald eagles (Haliaeetus 38 leucocephalus), and 2 common ravens (Corvus corax). We used illumina sequencing based on 39 the V4 region of the 16s gene was to characterize the bacterial diversity. Our investigation 40 revealed phylum-level differences in the microbiome of turkey vultures, compared with bald 41 eagles and common ravens. Substantial microbiome differences were found between bald eagles 42 and ravens below the phylum level. Although little is known about the possible relations among 43 these microorganisms, our analyses provides the first integrated look at the composition of the 44 avian microbiota and serves as a foundation for future studies in this area. 45 46 Keywords: avian scavenger, turkey vulture, bald eagle, common raven, bacteria, coast, 47 microbiota, microbiome, raptor. 48 Abbreviations: OTU = operational taxonomic unit 49 50 3 51 Introduction 52 Birds harbor diverse microorganisms in their gut, which collectively fulfill important 53 roles in providing their hosts with nutrition and protection from pathogens [1]. Gut 54 microorganisms have been isolated and characterized by a variety of methods, such as culture-55 based assays, culture-independent DNA sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization 56 targeting the 16S rRNA gene [2]. Most of these studies are limited in scope and are focused on 57 pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Clostridium 58 perfringens [3-5]. 59 In recent years, metagenomics using next-generation sequencing has emerged as a way to 60 analyze complex microbial communities and their functions [6]. This approach is capable of 61 sequencing thousands or millions of amplified DNA molecules in a single run and, for bacteria, 62 does not require conventional cloning and amplification. Additionally, metagenomic studies 63 offer a powerful tool for the comprehensive and unbiased assessment of microbial diversity 64 within the complex gut ecosystem by allowing examination of organisms not easily cultured in 65 the laboratory [6, 7]. 66 Few studies have used genetic sequencing to explore the intestinal microbiota of wild 67 birds [8]. Furthermore, these studies reported gene sequences to phylum or class levels only, 68 with no attempt to understand extant microorganism populations at the species level. In this 69 study, we analyze the avian microbiome present in the cloaca of bald eagles, turkey vultures, ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Bacterial Diversity in Feces of Wild Bald Eagles, Turkey Vultures and Common Ravens from the Pacific Northwest Coast, U.S.A

Crespo

Dowd²,

Varland³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Finally, an example of an unclear risk of bias study was Sulzner, Kelly, Smith, and Johnson (). In this study, turkey vultures ( Cathartes aura ) were sampled at a location near livestock and at a location far from livestock.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study did not provide enough information to ascertain possible exposure of sampled birds to other point sources of ARB, a plausible issue given that turkey vultures can fly long distances. Also, there was lack of information about sampling procedure consistency between the sites (Sulzner et al., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review: Impact of point sources on antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in the natural environment

Bueno

Williams-Nguyen

Hwang

et al. 2017

Zoonoses and Public Health

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SummaryPoint sources such as wastewater treatment plants and agricultural facilities may have a role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). To analyse the evidence for increases in ARB in the natural environment associated with these point sources of ARB and ARG, we conducted a systematic review. We evaluated 5,247 records retrieved through database searches, including both studies that ascertained ARG and ARB outcomes. All studies were subjected to a screening process to assess relevance to the question and methodology to address our review question. A risk of bias assessment was conducted upon the final pool of studies included in the review. This article summarizes the evidence only for those studies with ARB outcomes (n = 47). Thirty-five studies were at high (n = 11) or at unclear (n = 24) risk of bias in the estimation of source effects due to lack of information and/ or failure to control for confounders. Statistical analysis was used in ten studies, of which one assessed the effect of multiple sources using modelling approaches; none reported effect measures. Most studies reported higher ARB prevalence or concentration downstream/near the source. However, this evidence was primarily descriptive and it could not be concluded that there is a clear impact of point sources on increases in ARB in the environment. To quantify increases in ARB in the environment due to specific point sources, there is a need for studies that stress study design, control of biases and analytical tools to provide effect measure estimates. K E Y W O R D Santibiotic-resistant bacteria, effect measure, environmental dissemination, point source, systematic review

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“…In fact, evidence shows that some scavengers have increased in population size in association with these habitats (Gangoso et al, 2013). While they may be considered resistant to infections, recent evidence indicates that they can be colonized and behave as a potential carriers of different pathogenic bacteria (Blanco, 2018;Hidasi et al, 2015;Marin, Palomeque, Marco-Jiménez, & Vega, 2014;Sulzner, Kelly, Smith, & Johnson, 2014). The American black vulture (Coragyps atratus, hereafter black vulture) is an avian scavenger that exploits anthropogenic sites like rubbish dumps throughout the Americas (Iñigo Elias, 1987;Plaza & Lambertucci, 2018;Sazima, 2013), and are highly associated with different anthropic areas (Barbar, Werenkraut, Morales, & Lambertucci, 2015;Lambertucci, Speziale, Rogers, & Morales, 2009;Novaes & Cintra, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scavenger birds exploiting rubbish dumps: Pathogens at the gates

Plaza

Blanco

Madariaga

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Different bacteria are present in rubbish dumps used as food resources by various bird species. Birds may be good indicators of the presence of zoonotic diseases in these sites since they can be infected with zoonotic pathogens by foraging on organic waste, and can also act as carriers. We studied if foraging in rubbish dumps increases the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and Chlamydia psittaci in American black vultures (Coragyps atratus, hereafter black vultures) from northwest Patagonia. We compared these pathogens isolated from or detected in cloacae and oropharynx swabs in two different groups of black vultures: individuals trapped in (a) the Patagonian wild steppe and (b) in a rubbish dump. We found that black vultures are colonized by Salmonella spp. (particularly Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi, Paratyphi A, Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae) and Chlamydia psittaci. Interestingly, there were differences in the prevalence of Salmonella spp., especially Salmonella Typhi, between individuals foraging in the rubbish dump and the steppe, but not in the prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci. The pathogens isolated from black vultures may impact their health status but could also have health impacts in other bird species and even humans. In fact, Salmonella Typhi can cause severe disease in humans leading to death. Our results are globally relevant given that bacterial infections from rubbish dumps may affect different species exploiting these sites around the world. There is a need to better control pathogens in rubbish dumps to avoid the risk of infecting wildlife, which could act as potential dispersers and reservoirs of these pathogens.

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ENTERIC PATHOGENS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN TURKEY VULTURES (CATHARTES AURA) FEEDING AT THE WILDLIFE–LIVESTOCK INTERFACE

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Bacterial Diversity in Feces of Wild Bald Eagles, Turkey Vultures and Common Ravens from the Pacific Northwest Coast, U.S.A

Bacterial Diversity in Feces of Wild Bald Eagles, Turkey Vultures and Common Ravens from the Pacific Northwest Coast, U.S.A

Systematic Review: Impact of point sources on antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in the natural environment

Scavenger birds exploiting rubbish dumps: Pathogens at the gates

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