Enterococcus faecalis can be distinguished from Enterococcus faecium via differential susceptibility to antibiotics and growth and fermentation characteristics on mannitol salt agar

Quiloan, Maria L. G.; Vu, John; Carvalho, John

doi:10.1007/s11515-012-1183-5

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…E. casseliflavus , E. gallinarum , E. avium , and E. cecorum have also been reported in the microbiota of pigs, although in a lesser proportion [ 11 ]. E. faecalis and E. faecium are two of the most clinically important species [ 12 ]. The pathogenicity of Enterococcus spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the Farms to the Dining Table: The Distribution and Molecular Characteristics of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Intensive Pig Farming in South Africa

et al. 2021

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Foodborne pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant species, constitute a severe menace to food safety globally, especially food animals. Identifying points of concern that need immediate mitigation measures to prevent these bacteria from reaching households requires a broad understanding of these pathogens’ spread along the food production chain. We investigated the distribution, antibiotic susceptibility, molecular characterization and clonality of Enterococcus spp. in an intensive pig production continuum in South Africa, using the farm-to-fork approach. Enterococcus spp. were isolated from 452 samples obtained along the pig farm-to-fork continuum (farm, transport, abattoir, and retail meat) using the IDEXX Enterolert®/Quanti-Tray® 2000 system. Pure colonies were obtained on selective media and confirmed by real-time PCR, targeting genus- and species-specific genes. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against 16 antibiotics recommended by the WHO-AGISAR using EUCAST guidelines. Selected antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected by real-time PCR. Clonal relatedness between isolates across the continuum was evaluated by REP-PCR. A total of 284 isolates, consisting of 79.2% E. faecalis, 6.7% E. faecium, 2.5% E. casseliflavus, 0.4% E. gallinarum, and 11.2% other Enterococcus spp., were collected along the farm-to-fork continuum. The isolates were most resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (78.8%) and least resistant to levofloxacin (5.6%). No resistance was observed to vancomycin, teicoplanin, tigecycline and linezolid. E. faecium displayed 44.4% resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Also, 78% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Phenotypic resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycosides, and macrolides was corroborated by the presence of the tetM, aph(3′)-IIIa, and ermB genes in 99.1%, 96.1%, and 88.3% of the isolates, respectively. The most detected virulence gene was gelE. Clonality revealed that E. faecalis isolates belonged to diverse clones along the continuum with major REP-types, mainly isolates from the same sampling source but different sampling rounds (on the farm). E. faecium isolates revealed a less diverse profile. The results suggest that intensive pig farming could serve as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that could be transmitted to occupationally exposed workers via direct contact with animals or consumers through animal products/food. This highlights the need for more robust guidelines for antibiotic use in intensive farming practices and the necessity of including Enterococcus spp. as an indicator in antibiotic resistance surveillance systems in food animals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the Farms to the Dining Table: The Distribution and Molecular Characteristics of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Intensive Pig Farming in South Africa

et al. 2021

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“…C. parapsilosis strain SK26.001 is documented as producing mannitol [ 42 ] and mannose, in the form of the polysaccharide mannan which can be an important component of extracellular polysaccharides produced by Candida [ 43 ]. Interestingly, a characteristic of E. faecalis is its ability to grow by fermenting mannitol [ 44 ]. Given the potential for interaction between E. faecalis and C. parapsilosis , it is possible that the presence of C. parapsilosis induces a substrate switch in E. faecalis from mannose, an important component of C. parapsilosis biofilm matrix, to mannitol, a sugar produced by C. parapsilosis under some conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and behavioral adaptation of Candida parapsilosis to the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed by in situ genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics

et al. 2021

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Background Candida parapsilosis is a common cause of invasive candidiasis, especially in newborn infants, and infections have been increasing over the past two decades. C. parapsilosis has been primarily studied in pure culture, leaving gaps in understanding of its function in a microbiome context. Results Here, we compare five unique C. parapsilosis genomes assembled from premature infant fecal samples, three of which are newly reconstructed, and analyze their genome structure, population diversity, and in situ activity relative to reference strains in pure culture. All five genomes contain hotspots of single nucleotide variants, some of which are shared by strains from multiple hospitals. A subset of environmental and hospital-derived genomes share variants within these hotspots suggesting derivation of that region from a common ancestor. Four of the newly reconstructed C. parapsilosis genomes have 4 to 16 copies of the gene RTA3, which encodes a lipid translocase and is implicated in antifungal resistance, potentially indicating adaptation to hospital antifungal use. Time course metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics on fecal samples from a premature infant with a C. parapsilosis blood infection revealed highly variable in situ expression patterns that are distinct from those of similar strains in pure cultures. For example, biofilm formation genes were relatively less expressed in situ, whereas genes linked to oxygen utilization were more highly expressed, indicative of growth in a relatively aerobic environment. In gut microbiome samples, C. parapsilosis co-existed with Enterococcus faecalis that shifted in relative abundance over time, accompanied by changes in bacterial and fungal gene expression and proteome composition. Conclusions The results reveal potentially medically relevant differences in Candida function in gut vs. laboratory environments, and constrain evolutionary processes that could contribute to hospital strain persistence and transfer into premature infant microbiomes.

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“…C. parapsilosis strain SK26.001 is documented as producing mannitol (Meng et al 2017) and mannose, in the form of the polysaccharide mannan, which can be an important component of extracellular polysaccharides produced by Candida (Dominguez et al 2019). Interestingly, a characteristic of E. faecalis is its ability to grow by fermenting mannitol (Quiloan et al 2012). Given the potential for interaction between E. faecalis and C. parapsilosis, its possible the disappearance of C. parapsilosis induced a substrate switch in E. faecalis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and behavioral adaptation ofCandida parapsilosisto the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed byin situgenomics, transcriptomics and proteomics

West

Peters

Olm

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Candida parapsilosis is a common cause of invasive candidiasis, especially in newborn infants, and infections have been increasing over the past two decades. C. parapsilosis has been primarily studied in pure culture, leaving gaps in understanding of its function in microbiome context. Here, we reconstructed five unique C. parapsilosis genomes from premature infant fecal samples and analyzed their genome structure, population diversity and in situ activity relative to reference strains in pure culture. All five genomes contain hotspots of single nucleotide variants, some of which are shared by strains from multiple hospitals. A subset of environmental and hospital-derived genomes share variants within these hotspots suggesting derivation of that region from a common ancestor. Four of the newly reconstructed C. parapsilosis genomes have four to sixteen copies of the gene RTA3, which encodes a lipid translocase and is implicated in antifungal resistance, potentially indicating adaptation to hospital antifungal use. Time course metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics on fecal samples from a premature infant with a C. parapsilosis blood infection revealed highly variable in situ expression patterns that are distinct from those of similar strains in pure cultures. For example, biofilm formation genes were relatively less expressed in situ, whereas genes linked to oxygen utilization were more highly expressed, indicative of growth in a relatively aerobic environment. In gut microbiome samples, C. parapsilosis coexisted with Enterococcus faecalis that shifted in relative abundance over time, accompanied by changes in bacterial and fungal gene expression and proteome composition. The results reveal potentially medically relevant differences in Candida function in gut vs. laboratory environments, and constrain evolutionary processes that could contribute to hospital strain persistence and transfer into premature infant microbiomes. DECLARATIONS Ethics approval and consent to participateThis study was reviewed and approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board (IRB PRO12100487 and PRO10090089).

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Enterococcus faecalis can be distinguished from Enterococcus faecium via differential susceptibility to antibiotics and growth and fermentation characteristics on mannitol salt agar

Cited by 17 publications

References 41 publications

From the Farms to the Dining Table: The Distribution and Molecular Characteristics of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Intensive Pig Farming in South Africa

From the Farms to the Dining Table: The Distribution and Molecular Characteristics of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Intensive Pig Farming in South Africa

Genetic and behavioral adaptation of Candida parapsilosis to the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed by in situ genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics

Genetic and behavioral adaptation ofCandida parapsilosisto the microbiome of hospitalized infants revealed byin situgenomics, transcriptomics and proteomics

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