Enteroparasitism and Risk Factors Associated with Clinical Manifestations in Children and Adults of Jalisco State in Western Mexico

Galván-Ramírez, María de la Luz; Madriz-Elisondo, Ana Luisa; Ramírez, Cynthia Guadalupe Temores; Rameño, Jorge de Jesús Romero; Carrasco, Dania Araceli de la O; López, Marco Antonio Cardona

doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.08

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The articles related to the population of Central America were focused on pediatric hospitals 14 , 15 . In North America, studies performed in urban regions were also focused on pediatric hospitals, while data from rural areas resulted from investigations on cryptosporidiosis outbreaks of epidemic character that affect the entire population in general, and included all age groups 16 , 17 . In South America, publications were focused on outbreaks of an endemic nature that affect children, adults, and the elderly 18 , 19 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis in the Americas: systematic review and meta-analysis

Jann

Cabral‐Castro

Costa

et al. 2022

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by the Cryptosporidium spp parasite. As some species of Cryptosporidium have a wide host spectrum, the characterization of the pathogen at the species or genotype level is of great importance to define the sources of infection for humans and the potential for public health. This study investigated the diversity of the genus Cryptosporidium spp. in humans from all over the American continent and observed whether the method used to search for the parasite influenced the prevalence found in the Americas. This systematic review was carried out using the Pubmed, Science direct, Lilacs, Scielo, and Scopus databases with publications from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020. For data synthesis, the PRISMA flowchart was used and for the meta-analysis we used the MetaXL program. Of the selected publications, 57, 9 and 16 belonged to the region of South, Central and North America, respectively. The prevalence found for South, Central, and North America was 7%, 7%, and 8%, respectively, when analyzing publications that used only the microscopy method. When we analyzed the publications that used immunological and molecular methods, we found prevalences of 10%, 9%, and 21% for South, Central, and North America, respectively. The C. hominis subtype IbA10G2 was the most reported in the American continent, followed by subtype IeA11G3T3 and, for C. parvum, subtype IIaA15G2RI was the most reported. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium spp. is present throughout the American continent and its prevalence is higher when immunological and/or molecular methods are used, in addition to direct microscopic examination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis in the Americas: systematic review and meta-analysis

Jann

Cabral‐Castro

Costa

et al. 2022

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…Two recent studies in school children in Nepal reported lower prevalence levels (1.6% of 1392 and 3.9% of 507 children tested, respectively) [54,55]. In the most recent study in Mexico, prevalence levels were 2.9% of 277 samples from 104 participants of different ages [56].…”

Section: Transmission and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

2019

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Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for C. cayetanensis infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of C. cayetanensis; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite.

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“…In a study carried out in states of Sonora and Oaxaca in Mexico, the results indicated that parasitic infection had a prevalence of 47.2% among children. Lack of education, poverty, highly populated families, direct animal contact, and malnutrition can be listed among the most important causes [ 111 , 112 ]. At a glance, it can be said that all of the mentioned countries are among the developing countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp infection risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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Intestinal protozoa infections are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, especially where the exposed population suffers from a lack of drinking water and sanitation facilities. In this study, the association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation (toilet) facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp infection in the children (5–11 years), adult (18–55 years), and all age (5–55 years) were assessed. For this purpose, some of the international databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were screened to up to 7 June 2019 in order to retrieve the related citations. Also, the pooled odds ratios (ORs) following 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Twenty-nine articles with 36 studies were included while the OR extracted or calculated by using 2 × 2 contingency tables. However, the ingestion of contaminated water insignificantly can increase the odds ratio (OR) of Entamoeba spp infection (OR 1.01, (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58 to 1.43), no access to sanitation (toilet) facilities significantly can increase odds of Entamoeba spp infection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.32). The meta-regression analysis showed that over time, odds of intestinal Entamoeba spp infection increased in both lack of safe drinking water (Coefficient: 3.24, P-value < 0.01) and sanitation (toilet) facilities (Coefficient: 2.36, P-value < 0.05) subgroups. Considering the findings, lack of safe drinking water resulted in a further increase in intestinal Entamoeba spp infection among adult (OR: 2.76), children (OR = 0.57) and all age groups (OR: 1.50), and also lack of sanitation (toilet) facilities resulted in further increase intestinal Entamoeba spp infection in children (OR: 1.06), adult (OR: 1.26) and all age (OR: 1.16). In this context, the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities (toilet) was associated with a high risk of intestinal Entamoeba spp infection. Further attempts to providing public health facilities can control the prevalence of intestinal Entamoeba spp .

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Enteroparasitism and Risk Factors Associated with Clinical Manifestations in Children and Adults of Jalisco State in Western Mexico

Cited by 17 publications

References 42 publications

Prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis in the Americas: systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis in the Americas: systematic review and meta-analysis

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

The association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp infection risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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