The association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp infection risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Intestinal protozoa infections are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, especially where the exposed population suffers from a lack of drinking water and sanitation facilities. In this study, the association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation (toilet) facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp infection in the children (5–11 years), adult (18–55 years), and all age (5–55 years) were assessed. For this purpose, some of the international databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were screened to up to 7 June 2019 in order to retrieve the related citations. Also, the pooled odds ratios (ORs) following 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Twenty-nine articles with 36 studies were included while the OR extracted or calculated by using 2 × 2 contingency tables. However, the ingestion of contaminated water insignificantly can increase the odds ratio (OR) of Entamoeba spp infection (OR 1.01, (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58 to 1.43), no access to sanitation (toilet) facilities significantly can increase odds of Entamoeba spp infection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.32). The meta-regression analysis showed that over time, odds of intestinal Entamoeba spp infection increased in both lack of safe drinking water (Coefficient: 3.24, P-value < 0.01) and sanitation (toilet) facilities (Coefficient: 2.36, P-value < 0.05) subgroups. Considering the findings, lack of safe drinking water resulted in a further increase in intestinal Entamoeba spp infection among adult (OR: 2.76), children (OR = 0.57) and all age groups (OR: 1.50), and also lack of sanitation (toilet) facilities resulted in further increase intestinal Entamoeba spp infection in children (OR: 1.06), adult (OR: 1.26) and all age (OR: 1.16). In this context, the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities (toilet) was associated with a high risk of intestinal Entamoeba spp infection. Further attempts to providing public health facilities can control the prevalence of intestinal Entamoeba spp .

The Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Children in Southwest Sumba Based on the Type of Water Sources

“…Osman et al [ 14 ] reported that the consumption of untreated water triples the risk of protozoal infections compared to water treated with chlorite. In addition, the consumption of uncooked fruits and vegetables after washing with contaminated water tends to also increase the risks of intestinal protozoan infections [ 23 ], as well as limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation facilities such as toilets [ 24 ]. Similarly, extreme poverty and low economic level are also predictors for protozoal infections occurrence [ 25 26 ].…”

Deteksi Molekuler Entamoeba suis pada Babi di Rumah Potong Hewan Pegirian Surabaya

“…Perbedaan hasil tersebut diduga karena letak geografis, sanitasi kandang dan sistem pemeliharaan babi pada masing-masing peternakan berbeda. Atabati et al (2020) menyatakan bahwa faktor tempat dan cara pemeliharaan yang berbeda pada suatu peternakan berimplikasi terhadap tingkat prevalensi infeksi Entamoeba sp., di samping itu, faktor lingkungan (kontaminasi tinja di lingkungan), standar kebersihan dan sanitasi yang buruk berhubungan dengan infeksi parasit usus termasuk infeksi Entamoeba spp. sangat terbatas.…”

Species diversity of Entamoeba and gastrointestinal parasites as co-infection in pigs in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

“…Potential risk factors for the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. are hygiene, socioeconomic, exposure to human and animal waste, and household wastewater (Ben-Ayed et al 2017;Atabati et al 2020). Desowits (1986) reported cases of amoebiasis in children caused by E. polecki (19%) in Papua New Guinea and estimated that pigs were the source of transmission to humans because of the close relationship between humans and pigs, and supported by poor sanitation.…”